TALEN and CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Systems: Tools of Discovery

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Abstract

Precise studies of plant, animal and human genomes enable remarkable opportunities of obtained data application in biotechnology and medicine. However, knowing nucleotide sequences isn’t enough for understanding of particular genomic elements functional relationship and their role in phenotype formation and disease pathogenesis. In post-genomic era methods allowing genomic DNA sequences manipulation, visualization and regulation of gene expression are rapidly evolving. Though, there are few methods, that meet high standards of efficiency, safety and accessibility for a wide range of researchers. In 2011 and 2013 novel methods of genome editing appeared - this are TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 systems. Although TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 appeared recently, these systems have proved to be effective and reliable tools for genome engineering. Here we generally review application of these systems for genome editing in conventional model objects of current biology, functional genome screening, cell-based human hereditary disease modeling, epigenome studies and visualization of cellular processes. Additionally, we review general strategies for designing TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 and analyzing their activity. We also discuss some obstacles researcher can face using these genome editing tools.

About the authors

A. A. Nemudryi

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: zakian@bionet.nsc.ru
Russian Federation

K. R. Valetdinova

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University

Email: zakian@bionet.nsc.ru
Russian Federation

S. P. Medvedev

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University

Email: zakian@bionet.nsc.ru
Russian Federation

S. M. Zakian

Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Novosibirsk State University

Email: zakian@bionet.nsc.ru
Russian Federation

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