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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27900</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27900</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of endocytosis inhibitors on the cytotoxicity and antitumor activity of anti-GD2 ADCs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние ингибиторов эндоцитоза на цитотоксические и противоопухолевые эффекты анти-GD2-ADC</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholodenko</surname><given-names>I. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холоденко</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinovsky</surname><given-names>D. V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калиновский</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarova</surname><given-names>A. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макарова</surname><given-names>А. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ryazantsev</surname><given-names>D. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рязанцев</surname><given-names>Д. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svirshchevskaya</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Свирщевская</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deyev</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Институт фундаментальной медицины и биологии</p></bio><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kholodenko</surname><given-names>R. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Холоденко</surname><given-names>Р. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>khol@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт биомедицинской химии имени В.Н. Ореховича»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский Мордовский государственный университет имени Н.П. Огарева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Real Target LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Реал Таргет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-08"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-04-06"><day>06</day><month>04</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Titov M.M., Kholodenko I.V., Kalinovsky D.V., Makarova A.O., Ryazantsev D.Y., Svirshchevskaya E.V., Deyev S.M., Kholodenko R.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Титов М.М., Холоденко И.В., Калиновский Д.В., Макарова А.О., Рязанцев Д.Ю., Свирщевская Е.В., Деев С.М., Холоденко Р.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Titov M.M., Kholodenko I.V., Kalinovsky D.V., Makarova A.O., Ryazantsev D.Y., Svirshchevskaya E.V., Deyev S.M., Kholodenko R.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Титов М.М., Холоденко И.В., Калиновский Д.В., Макарова А.О., Рязанцев Д.Ю., Свирщевская Е.В., Деев С.М., Холоденко Р.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27900">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27900</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cancer remains a critical public health challenge, and developing novel approaches to cancer therapy is highly relevant. Targeted tumor therapy using antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) has already demonstrated its efficacy in multiple tumors. Ganglioside GD2 is a promising target for ADC development. However, its functional properties, which are important for the cytotoxicity of ADCs, remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the mechanisms of receptor-mediated endocytosis for the conjugate formed between the anti-GD2 antibody ch14.18 and monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE), as well as the approaches for modulating this process using endocytosis inhibitors. Our findings demonstrate that anti-GD2 ADCs are efficiently internalized into tumor cells through various endocytic pathways, including the clathrin- and caveolin-mediated pathways, as well as macropinocytosis. The efficiency of ADC accumulation directly correlates with the level of GD2 expression on the tumor cell surface and is determined by the properties of the parental antibody, independent of the cytotoxic payload. Endocytosis inhibitors can modulate the functional properties of anti-GD2 ADCs, either decreasing or increasing the cytotoxic effects of the conjugates in GD2-positive cells. Nystatin, a specific inhibitor of caveolin-mediated endocytosis, increased ADC accumulation in cells and reduced the IC<sub>50</sub> 1.5- to 2.5-fold depending on the cell line. Although administration of nystatin together with anti-GD2 ADCs did not enhance tumor growth inhibition compared to ADC monotherapy in the GD2-positive mouse tumor model, further optimization of combination therapy conditions aimed at enhancing receptor-mediated endocytosis is a promising strategy for potentiating the antitumor effects of anti-GD2 ADCs.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Онкологические заболевания представляют серьезную проблему здравоохранения, поэтому актуальной остается разработка новых подходов к терапии опухолей. Таргетная терапия опухолей с использованием конъюгатов антител с лекарственными препаратами (ADC) уже показала свою эффективность. Перспективной онко-ассоциированной мишенью для соединений данного класса является ганглиозид GD2, однако его свойства, важные для реализации цитотоксической активности ADC, изучены недостаточно. В представленной работе изучали механизмы рецептор-опосредованного эндоцитоза конъюгата анти-GD2-антитела ch14.18 и препарата класса ауристатинов MMAE, а также способы его модуляции с помощью набора ингибиторов. Показано, что анти-GD2-ADC эффективно интернализуются в опухолевые клетки посредством разных путей эндоцитоза, включая клатрин- и кавеолин-опосредованные пути и макропиноцитоз, что определяется типом опухолевых клеток. Эффективность накопления ADC напрямую зависит от уровня экспрессии GD2 на поверхности опухолевой клетки и определяется свойствами исходных антител без значимого влияния препарата MMAE. Ингибиторы эндоцитоза способны модулировать функциональные свойства анти-GD2-ADC, приводя как к снижению, так и к повышению цитотоксических эффектов конъюгатов в GD2-позитивных клетках. Специфичный ингибитор кавеолин-опосредованного эндоцитоза, нистатин, повышал накопление ADC в клетках и снижал значение IC<sub>50</sub> в 1.5–2.5 раза в зависимости от клеточной линии. Хотя введение нистатина вместе с анти-GD2-ADC не привело к усилению ингибирования роста опухоли по сравнению с монотерапией ADC в GD2-позитивной мышиной модели опухоли, дальнейшая оптимизация условий комбинированной терапии, направленная на повышение рецептор-опосредованного эндоцитоза, представляется перспективной для повышения противоопухолевых эффектов анти-GD2-ADC.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>internalization</kwd><kwd>endocytosis</kwd><kwd>ganglioside GD2</kwd><kwd>monoclonal antibodies</kwd><kwd>antibody–drug conjugates</kwd><kwd>cancer immunotherapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интернализация</kwd><kwd>эндоцитоз</kwd><kwd>ганглиозид GD2</kwd><kwd>моноклональные антитела</kwd><kwd>конъюгаты антител с лекарствами</kwd><kwd>таргетная терапия опухолей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2024-536</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (grant No. 075-15-2024-536)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом Министерства науки и высшего образования РФ № 075-15-2024-536</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. 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