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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27892</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27892</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Global changes in unproductive splicing and NMD efficiency in tumors</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Глобальные изменения непродуктивного сплайсинга и эффективности системы NMD в опухолях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavileyskiy</surname><given-names>L. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Завилейский</surname><given-names>Л. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zavileyskiylev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mironov</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Миронов</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>факультет биоинженерии и биоинформатики</p></bio><email>zavileyskiylev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pervouchine</surname><given-names>D. D</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Первушин</surname><given-names>Д. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zavileyskiylev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Molecular and Cellular Biology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр молекулярной и клеточной биологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>64</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-11-25"><day>25</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Zavileyskiy L.G., Mironov A.A., Pervouchine D.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Завилейский Л.Г., Миронов А.А., Первушин Д.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zavileyskiy L.G., Mironov A.A., Pervouchine D.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Завилейский Л.Г., Миронов А.А., Первушин Д.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27892">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27892</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway is a mRNA quality control mechanism which not only degrades deleterious transcripts but also orchestrates a large number of post-transcriptional regulatory programs through unproductive splicing. We have developed a robust metric derived from splicing quantification in the RNA-seq data to measure NMD efficiency at a sample level. We demonstrate that NMD efficiency varies substantially both between and within tissues, with the magnitude of the variation comparable to that observed upon knockdown of the core NMD factor UPF1. By analyzing TCGA cancer cohorts, we further show that, in many tumors, unproductive splicing events undergo coordinated changes towards either collective suppression or collective activation of NMD isoforms, which is indicative of global deregulation of the activity of the NMD pathway. Consistently, we observed a striking divergence of NMD efficiency in cancers from the tissue-specific baseline level, suggesting that tumors partially erase the NMD signature of their tissue of origin. The application of the developed metric to RNA-binding protein knockdowns made it possible to identify several novel potential regulators of NMD efficiency. In sum, this study provides a solid framework for quantifying NMD efficiency, describes its biological and clinical relevance, and opens new avenues for dissecting mechanisms of post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by the NMD pathway.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Путь нонсенс-опосредованного распада (NMD) – это механизм контроля качества мРНК, который не только уничтожает вредоносные транскрипты, но и управляет множеством посттранскрипционных регуляторных программ при помощи непродуктивного сплайсинга. Нами разработана надежная метрика, основанная на количественной оценке сплайсинга по данным секвенирования РНК, для измерения эффективности NMD на уровне образцов. Показано, что эффективность NMD существенно варьирует как между тканями, так и внутри них, причем абсолютная величина этого изменения сопоставима с наблюдаемой при деплеции UPF1 – основного фактора NMD. Анализируя опухолевые когорты из TCGA, мы также выяснили, что во многих опухолях события непродуктивного сплайсинга скоординированно изменяются в направлении либо одновременного подавления, либо одновременной активации NMD-изоформ, что свидетельствует о глобальном нарушении активности системы NMD. В соответствии с этим мы наблюдали значительное отклонение эффективности NMD в опухолях от тканеспецифического базового уровня, что позволило предположить, что опухоли частично стирают NMD-сигнатуру ткани, из которой они происходят. Применение разработанной метрики к экспериментам по инактивации экспрессии РНК-связывающих белков позволило обнаружить несколько новых потенциальных регуляторов эффективности NMD. В целом, данное исследование закладывает надежную основу для количественной оценки эффективности NMD, описывает биологическую и клиническую значимость этой системы и открывает новые возможности для изучения механизмов посттранскрипционной регуляции экспрессии генов посредством пути NMD.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Nonsense-mediated decay</kwd><kwd>unproductive splicing</kwd><kwd>regulation</kwd><kwd>NMD efficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нонсенс-опосредованный распад</kwd><kwd>непродуктивный сплайсинг</kwd><kwd>регуляция</kwd><kwd>эффективность NMD</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-14-00330-П</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation grant No. 22-14-00330-P</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке гранта Российского научного фонда 22-14-00330-П</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">He F, Jacobson A. 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