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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27728</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27728</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The impact of the intracellular domains of chimeric antigenic receptors on the properties of CAR T-cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние внутриклеточных доменов химерных антигенных рецепторов на свойства CAR-T-клеток</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ya.wolf.otl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stepanova</surname><given-names>V. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Степанова</surname><given-names>В. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ya.wolf.otl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yaroshevich</surname><given-names>I. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ярошевич</surname><given-names>И. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ya.wolf.otl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabibov</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габибов</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ya.wolf.otl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsov</surname><given-names>Y. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцов</surname><given-names>Ю. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ya.wolf.otl@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГНЦ Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-06-23"><day>23</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-07-02"><day>02</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Volkov D.V., Stepanova V.M., Yaroshevich I.A., Gabibov A.G., Rubtsov Y.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Волков Д.В., Степанова В.М., Ярошевич И.А., Габибов А.Г., Рубцов Ю.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Volkov D.V., Stepanova V.M., Yaroshevich I.A., Gabibov A.G., Rubtsov Y.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Волков Д.В., Степанова В.М., Ярошевич И.А., Габибов А.Г., Рубцов Ю.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27728">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27728</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The advent of the T-cell engineering technology using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies and reoriented the direction of research in the field of immune cell engineering and immunotherapy. Regrettably, the effectiveness of CAR T-cell therapy in specific instances of hematologic malignancies and solid tumors is limited by a number of factors. These include (1) an excessive or insufficient CAR T-cell response, possibly a result of both resistance within the tumor cells or the microenvironment and the suboptimal structural and functional organization of the chimeric receptor; (2) a less-than-optimal functional phenotype of the final CAR T-cell product, which is a direct consequence of the manufacturing and expansion processes used to produce CAR T-cells; and (3) the lack of an adequate CAR T-cell control system post-administration to the patient. Consequently, current research efforts focus on optimizing the CAR structure, improving production technologies, and further developing CAR T-cell modifications. Optimizing the CAR structure to enhance the function of modified cells is a primary strategy in improving the efficacy of CAR T-cell therapy. Since the emergence of the first CAR T-cells, five generations of CARs have been developed, employing both novel combinations of signaling and structural domains within a single molecule and new systems of multiple chimeric molecules presented simultaneously on the T-cell surface. A well thought-out combination of CAR components should ensure high receptor sensitivity to the antigen, the formation of a stable immune synapse (IS), effective costimulation, and productive CAR T-cell activation. Integrating cutting-edge technologies – specifically machine learning that helps predict the structure and properties of a three-dimensional biopolymer, combined with high-throughput sequencing and omics approaches – offers new possibilities for the targeted modification of the CAR structure. Of crucial importance is the selection of specific modifications and combinations of costimulatory and signaling domains to enhance CAR T-cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and persistence. This review provides insights into recent advancements in CAR optimization, with particular emphasis on modifications designed to enhance the therapeutic functionality of CAR T-cells.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Технология модификации Т-клеток химерными антигенными рецепторами (CAR – chimeric antigen receptor) расширила возможности терапии онкогематологических заболеваний и изменила вектор развития исследований в области инженерии иммунных клеток и иммунотерапии. К сожалению, успехи терапии Т-клетками, модифицированными химерными антигенными рецепторами (CAR-T-cell – chimeric antigen receptor modified T cell), в отдельных случаях онкогематологических заболеваний и солидных опухолей ограничены рядом факторов, а именно: (1) избыточным или недостаточным ответом CAR-T-клеток, развивающимся как из-за резистентности опухолевых клеток или их микроокружения, так и за счет неоптимальной структурно-функциональной организации химерного рецептора; (2) не самым функциональным фенотипом готового CAR-T-клеточного продукта, формирование которого является прямым следствием процесса получения CAR-T-клеток и их экспансии; (3) отсутствием адекватной системы управления CAR-T-клетками после введения пациенту. Поэтому актуальные задачи современных исследований включают оптимизацию структуры CAR и технологий их получения, а также дополнительные модификации CAR-T-клеток. Одно из главных направлений повышения эффективности терапии с помощью CAR-T-клеток – это оптимизация структуры CAR с целью улучшения функционирования модифицированных клеток. С момента появления первых CAR-T-клеток создано пять поколений CAR, в которых использованы как новые сочетания сигнальных и структурных доменов в одной молекуле, так и новые системы из нескольких химерных молекул, представленных одновременно на поверхности Т-клеток. Рациональная комбинация составных частей CAR должна обеспечивать высокую чувствительность рецептора к антигену, образование устойчивого иммунного синапса (ИС), эффективную костимуляцию и продуктивную активацию CAR-T-клетки. Сочетание современных технологий – машинного обучения для предсказания трехмерной структуры и свойств биополимеров, а также высокопроизводительного секвенирования и омиксных технологий – открывает новые горизонты для направленной модификации структуры CAR. Ключевым становится выбор конкретных модификаций и сочетаний костимулирующих и сигнальных доменов с целью повышения цитотоксичности, пролиферации и персистенции CAR-T-клеток. В представленном обзоре обсуждаются последние достижения в области оптимизаций CAR с акцентом на изменения, которые должны улучшать функции терапевтических CAR-T-клеток.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CAR T-cell</kwd><kwd>costimulatory molecules</kwd><kwd>CD3</kwd><kwd>intracellular signaling</kwd><kwd>T-cell receptors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>CAR-T</kwd><kwd>костимуляторные молекулы</kwd><kwd>CD3</kwd><kwd>внутриклеточный сигналинг</kwd><kwd>Т-клеточные рецептор</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2024-536</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yazbeck V, Alesi E, Myers J, et al. 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