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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27704</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27704</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genetic predisposition to autoimmune diabetes mellitus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Генетическая предрасположенность к аутоиммунному сахарному диабету</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dvoryanchikov</surname><given-names>Y. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дворяньчиков</surname><given-names>Я. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Minniakhmetov</surname><given-names>I. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Минниахметов</surname><given-names>И. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Laptev</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лаптев</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khusainova</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хусаинова</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrysheva</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокрышева</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yaroslav.dvoryanchikov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Endocrinology Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр Российской Федерации Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии имени академика И.И. Дедова» Минздрава Российской Федерации</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-23" publication-format="electronic"><day>23</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>18</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-23"><day>23</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27"><day>27</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Dvoryanchikov Y.V., Minniakhmetov I.R., Laptev D.N., Khusainova R.I., Shestakova M.V., Mokrysheva N.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Дворяньчиков Я.В., Минниахметов И.Р., Лаптев Д.Н., Хусаинова Р.И., Шестакова М.В., Мокрышева Н.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dvoryanchikov Y.V., Minniakhmetov I.R., Laptev D.N., Khusainova R.I., Shestakova M.V., Mokrysheva N.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Дворяньчиков Я.В., Минниахметов И.Р., Лаптев Д.Н., Хусаинова Р.И., Шестакова М.В., Мокрышева Н.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27704">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27704</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a multifactorial disease wherein a genetic predisposition, upon exposure to environmental factors, triggers seroconversion and subsequent beta-cell destruction. The global incidence of T1DM has risen in recent decades, underscoring the significant role environmental factors play in actuating inherent genetic risk. However, the absence of an identifiable unique triggering factor complicates the identification of risk groups. Advances in bioinformatics and epigenetic research are opening new opportunities for early diagnosis, prevention, and novel therapies for the condition. A comprehensive analysis of complex molecular pathways will make it possible to develop algorithms for the early diagnosis, disease course prediction, and therapy personalization based on a patient’s genetic profile. This review systematizes current data on the genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity of autoimmune diabetes and its potential triggers. It assesses the regional and ethnic disparities in T1DM incidence globally and within the Russian Federation, and it discusses the potential of clinical-genetic models for disease prediction.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Сахарный диабет 1 типа (СД1) является многофакторным заболеванием, обусловленным генетической предрасположенностью, которая реализуется при воздействии факторов окружающей среды, приводя к развитию сероконверсии с последующей деструкцией β-клеток. В последние десятилетия отмечается рост заболеваемости СД1 в мире, демонстрируя отчетливую роль факторов внешней среды в реализации заложенного генетического риска. До сих пор не выявлено ключевого или же уникального триггерного фактора, приводящего к развитию заболевания, что усложняет определение групп риска развития СД1. Создание новых биоинформатических инструментов, углубление в изучение эпигенетических модификаций открывают перед учеными новые горизонты как для ранней диагностики и возможной профилактики СД1, так и для новых путей терапевтического воздействия. Комплексный анализ сложных молекулярно-генетических путей позволит разработать алгоритмы ранней диагностики, прогнозирования течения заболевания и персонифицировать терапию в зависимости от индивидуального генетического профиля пациента. Настоящий обзор направлен на систематизацию и анализ современных данных о генетической и эпигенетической гетерогенности аутоиммунного сахарного диабета и потенциальных триггерных факторах. Оценены региональные и этнические особенности заболеваемости СД1 в разных странах, а также в Российской Федерации, обсуждается возможность прогнозирования СД1 с использованием клинико-генетических моделей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>type 1 diabetes mellitus</kwd><kwd>genetic predisposition</kwd><kwd>epigenetic modifications</kwd><kwd>trigger mechanisms</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1 типа</kwd><kwd>генетическая предрасположенность</kwd><kwd>эпигенетические модификации</kwd><kwd>триггерные механизмы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2024-645</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation (Agreement No. 075-15-2024-645, April 20, 2022)</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (Соглашение № 075-15-2024-645 от 20 апреля 2024 г.)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Dedov II, Shestakova MV, Vikulova OK, et al. 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