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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27654</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27654</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The humoral and cellular immune response to the administration of OrthopoxVac vaccine to volunteers</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гуморальный и клеточный иммунный ответ на введение добровольцам вакцины ОртопоксВак</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prudnikova</surname><given-names>E. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прудникова</surname><given-names>Е. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakova</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестакова</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubitskiy</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубицкий</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyankov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пьянков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nesterov</surname><given-names>A. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нестеров</surname><given-names>А. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogryantseva</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богрянцева</surname><given-names>М. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nechaeva</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нечаева</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tregubchak</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трегубчак</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agafonov</surname><given-names>A. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агафонов</surname><given-names>А. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-10-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>104</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-14"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-05-13"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Shchelkunov S.N., Prudnikova E.Y., Shestakova A.A., Yakubitskiy S.N., Pyankov S.A., Nesterov A.E., Usova S.V., Bogryantseva M.P., Nechaeva E.A., Tregubchak T.V., Agafonov A.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Щелкунов С.Н., Прудникова Е.Ю., Шестакова А.А., Якубицкий С.Н., Пьянков С.А., Нестеров А.Е., Усова С.В., Богрянцева М.П., Нечаева Е.А., Трегубчак Т.В., Агафонов А.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Prudnikova E.Y., Shestakova A.A., Yakubitskiy S.N., Pyankov S.A., Nesterov A.E., Usova S.V., Bogryantseva M.P., Nechaeva E.A., Tregubchak T.V., Agafonov A.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелкунов С.Н., Прудникова Е.Ю., Шестакова А.А., Якубицкий С.Н., Пьянков С.А., Нестеров А.Е., Усова С.В., Богрянцева М.П., Нечаева Е.А., Трегубчак Т.В., Агафонов А.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27654">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27654</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>OrthopoxVac, a fourth-generation smallpox vaccine, was the first of its kind registered worldwide in 2022, and it has been shown to be both safe and to induce only a mild reaction. A six-month clinical study confirmed its immunogenicity as compared to the first-generation live smallpox vaccine. Our study aimed to determine the levels of specific humoral and T-cell immune responses in volunteers following intradermal OrthopoxVac vaccine administration either in a single dose of 10<sup>7</sup> PoFU or in two doses of 10<sup>6</sup> PoFU, at 1.5, 3, and 5 years after initial vaccination. Following the immunization of volunteers with the OrthopoxVac vaccine at a dosage of 10<sup>7</sup> PoFU, the T-helper response remained at a relatively high level for three years, before it significantly dropped. Administration of the same vaccine twice at a dose of 10<sup>6</sup> PoFU resulted in a considerable decrease in the level of T-helpers, after 1.5 years. Additionally, some patients exhibited a reduction in viral neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers after 1.5 years of OrthopoxVac vaccine administration. When OrthopoxVac was administered at a dosage of 10<sup>7</sup> PoFU, no substantial differences were noted between groups at the 1.5-, 3-, and 5-year marks. In contrast, in the groups receiving two doses of 10<sup>6</sup> PoFU, VNA titers showed a significant reduction after 1.5 years. These findings indicate that a single intradermal dose of 10<sup>7</sup> PoFU of the OrthopoxVac vaccine elicits a significant and lasting immune response involving both antibodies and T-cells for a minimum of three years.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Первая в мире противооспенная вакцина четвертого поколения ОртопоксВак, получившая государственную регистрацию в 2022 году, в процессе клинических исследований, проходивших в течение 6 месяцев, проявила себя как безопасная слабо реактогенная по сравнению с живой оспенной вакциной первого поколения, но сохранившая на том же уровне иммуногенные свойства. В представленной работе анализировали уровни специфичного гуморального и Т-клеточного иммунных ответов на внутрикожное введение добровольцам вакцины ОртопоксВак однократно в дозе 10<sup>7</sup> ООЕ или двукратно в дозе 10<sup>6 </sup>ООЕ через 1.5, 3 и 5 лет после вакцинации. Т-хелперный ответ на иммунизацию добровольцев вакциной ОртопоксВак однократно в дозе 10<sup>7</sup> ООЕ сохранялся на относительно высоком уровне в течение трех лет, а затем значительно снижался. При иммунизации добровольцев этой же вакциной, но двукратно в дозе 10<sup>6</sup> ООЕ, резкое снижение уровня Т-хелперов детектировали после 1.5 лет. После 1.5 лет от момента иммунизации вакциной ОртопоксВак у части пациентов происходило снижение титров вируснейтрализующих антител (ВНА). При этом при иммунизации ОртопоксВак в дозе 10<sup>7</sup> ООЕ достоверных различий между группами во временных точках 1.5, 3 и 5 лет не наблюдали, а в группах, вакцинированных двукратно в дозе 10<sup>6</sup> ООЕ, уровень титров ВНА после 1.5 лет достоверно снижался. На основании полученных результатов можно заключить, что вакцина ОртопоксВак при внутрикожном одноразовом введении в дозе 10<sup>7</sup> ООЕ обеспечивает выраженный специфичный гуморальный и Т-клеточный иммунный ответ в течение, по крайней мере, трех лет.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smallpox</kwd><kwd>monkeypox</kwd><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>T-cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>натуральная оспа</kwd><kwd>оспа обезьян</kwd><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Wellbeing</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральная служба по надзору в сфере защиты прав потребителей и благополучия человека</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>141-00012-2024-00</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. 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