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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27559</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27559</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Generation of TIL-Based Cellular Products for Cancer Immunotherapy: Current Insights and the Challenges</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Получение клеточных продуктов на основе опухоль-инфильтрирующих Т-лимфоцитов для противоопухолевой иммунотерапии: текущее состояние и вызовы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dashakuz23@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrova</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петрова</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dashakuz23@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lopukhin Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical–Chemical Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный научно-клинический центр физико-химической медицины им. академика Ю.М. Лопухина</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>15</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-14"><day>14</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-11"><day>11</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Kuznetsova D.V., Petrova T.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Кузнецова Д.В., Петрова Т.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kuznetsova D.V., Petrova T.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кузнецова Д.В., Петрова Т.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27559">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27559</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) are a population of T cells present in tumor tissue and enriched in tumor antigen-specific clones. TILs participate in the adaptive antitumor immune response, which makes them a promising candidate for cancer immunotherapy. The concept framing this type of therapy involves the extraction of T cells from a patient’s tumor, followed by their <italic>in vitro</italic> expansion and reinfusion into the same patient in large quantities. This approach enhances the antitumor immune response and allows one to affect cancer cells resistant to other types of treatment. In 2024, the first TIL-based drug was approved for melanoma treatment. The possibility of using TILs for treating other solid tumors is currently being considered, and novel methods aiming to increase the efficiency of generating TIL cultures from tumor tissues <italic>in vitro</italic> are being developed. However, despite the significant progress achieved in this area, there remain unresolved issues and problems, including the lack of standardized protocols for obtaining, expanding, and cryopreserving TILs, the complexity related to their isolation and the duration of that, as well as insufficient efficiency. Our review focuses on the concept of immunotherapy using TILs, the main stages involved in generating a TIL-based cellular product, associated problems, and further steps in the production of TIL cultures that aim to improve efficiency as relates to production and ensure a wider application of the therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Опухоль-инфильтрирующие Т-лимфоциты (ОИЛ) – это популяция Т-лимфоцитов, присутствующая в ткани опухоли и обогащенная клонами, специфичными к опухолевым антигенам. ОИЛ участвуют в адаптивном противоопухолевом иммунном ответе, что делает их перспективными для иммунотерапии рака. Концепция данного вида терапии предполагает извлечение Т-лимфоцитов из опухоли пациента, их экспансию <italic>ex vivo</italic> и последующее введение в организм того же пациента в большом количестве. Такой подход позволяет усилить противоопухолевый иммунный ответ и воздействовать на опухолевые клетки, устойчивые к другим видам лечения. В 2024 году был одобрен первый препарат на основе ОИЛ, предназначенный для лечения меланомы. Изучается возможность использования ОИЛ при других солидных опухолях, разрабатываются новые методики, направленные на увеличение эффективности получения культур ОИЛ из опухолевых тканей <italic>ex vivo</italic>. Тем не менее, несмотря на значительный прогресс в данной области, существуют нерешенные вопросы и проблемы, в том числе отсутствие стандартизированных протоколов получения, экспансии и криоконсервации ОИЛ, сложность и длительность процесса их выделения, недостаточная эффективность. В представленном обзоре мы обсудим концепцию иммунотерапии с использованием ОИЛ, основные этапы производства клеточного продукта на основе ОИЛ, сопутствующие проблемы, а также дальнейшие шаги в производстве культур ОИЛ, направленные на улучшение эффективности их получения и более широкое применение данной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes</kwd><kwd>immunotherapy</kwd><kwd>T-cell therapy</kwd><kwd>TIL</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опухоль-инфильтрирующие Т-лимфоциты</kwd><kwd>иммунотерапия</kwd><kwd>ОИЛ-терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>123032900030-7</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lee S., Margolin K. // Curr. 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