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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27545</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27545</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Two Key Substitutions in the Chromophore Environment of mKate2 Produce an Enhanced FusionRed-like Red Fluorescent Protein</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Две ключевые замены в хромофорном окружении белка mKate2 для получения улучшенного FusionRed-подобного красного флуоресцентного белка</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ruchkin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ручкин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gavrikov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гавриков</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesov</surname><given-names>D. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесов</surname><given-names>Д. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gorokhovatsky</surname><given-names>A. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гороховатский</surname><given-names>А. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chepurnykh</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чепурных</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishin</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мишин</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maximov</surname><given-names>Eugene G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pletneva</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плетнева</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pletnev</surname><given-names>V. Z.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Плетнев</surname><given-names>В. З.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitin</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитин</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">İzmir Institute of Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Измирский институт технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>17</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>118</fpage><lpage>131</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-20"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Ruchkin D.A., Gavrikov A.S., Kolesov D.V., Gorokhovatsky A.Y., Chepurnykh T.V., Mishin A.S., Maximov E.G., Pletneva N.V., Pletnev V.Z., Pavlova A.M., Nikitin V.A., Bogdanov A.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Ручкин Д.А., Гавриков А.С., Колесов Д.В., Гороховатский А.Ю., Чепурных Т.В., Мишин А.С., Максимов Е.Г., Плетнева Н.В., Плетнев В.З., Павлова А.М., Никитин В.А., Богданов А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ruchkin D.A., Gavrikov A.S., Kolesov D.V., Gorokhovatsky A.Y., Chepurnykh T.V., Mishin A.S., Maximov E.G., Pletneva N.V., Pletnev V.Z., Pavlova A.M., Nikitin V.A., Bogdanov A.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ручкин Д.А., Гавриков А.С., Колесов Д.В., Гороховатский А.Ю., Чепурных Т.В., Мишин А.С., Максимов Е.Г., Плетнева Н.В., Плетнев В.З., Павлова А.М., Никитин В.А., Богданов А.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27545">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27545</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Red fluorescent proteins (RFPs) are often probes of choice for living tissue microscopy and whole-body imaging. When choosing a specific RFP variant, the priority may be given to the fluorescence brightness, maturation rate, monomericity, excitation/emission wavelengths, and low toxicity, which are rarely combined in an optimal way in a single protein. If additional requirements such as prolonged fluorescence lifetime and/or blinking ability are applied, the available repertoire of probes could dramatically narrow. Since the entire diversity of conventional single-component RFPs belongs to just a few phylogenetic lines (DsRed-, eqFP578- and eqFP611-derived being the major ones), it is not unexpected that their advantageous properties are split between close homologs. In such cases, a systematic mutagenetic analysis focusing on variant-specific amino acid residues can shed light on the origins of the distinctness between related RFPs and may aid in consolidating their strengths in new RFP variants. For instance, the protein FusionRed, despite being efficient in fluorescence labeling thanks to its good monomericity and low cytotoxicity, has undergone considerable loss in fluorescence brightness/lifetime compared to the parental mKate2. In this contribution, we describe a fast-maturing monomeric RFP designed semi-rationally based on the mKate2 and FusionRed templates that outperforms both its parents in terms of molecular brightness, has extended fluorescence lifetime, and displays a spontaneous blinking pattern that is promising for nanoscopy use.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Красные флуоресцентные белки (RFP) часто используются в качестве предпочтительных флуоресцентных меток в микроскопии живых тканей и визуализации целого организма. При выборе конкретного варианта RFP приоритетными могут быть такие характеристики, как молекулярная яркость флуоресценции, скорость созревания хромофора, мономерность, длины волн возбуждения/эмиссии флуоресценции и низкая токсичность, которые в конкретном белке редко сочетаются оптимальным образом. Если же к метке предъявляются дополнительные требования, такие как продолжительное время жизни флуоресценции и/или мигание (blinking), то доступный набор вариантов может существенно сузиться. Поскольку все разнообразие традиционных моногенных RFP относится лишь к нескольким филогенетическим линиям (основные из которых – производные DsRed, eqFP578 и eqFP611), их практически значимые свойства ожидаемо распределены между близкими гомологами. В таких случаях систематический мутационный анализ, ориентированный на вариант-специфичные аминокислотные остатки, может пролить свет на происхождение различий между родственными RFP и быть полезным для объединения их преимуществ в новых вариантах RFP. Так, белок FusionRed, эффективный для флуоресцентного мечения благодаря высокой степени мономерности и низкой цитотоксичности, имеет значительно сниженные яркость и время жизни флуоресценции по сравнению с предковым mKate2. Нами охарактеризован новый быстро созревающий мономерный RFP, полученный на основе mKate2 и FusionRed, превосходящий оба родительских белка по молекулярной яркости, обладающий увеличенным временем жизни флуоресценции и спонтанным миганием, перспективным для наноскопии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RFP</kwd><kwd>FusionRed</kwd><kwd>mKate2</kwd><kwd>fluorescent protein</kwd><kwd>fluorescence lifetime</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>RFP</kwd><kwd>FusionRed</kwd><kwd>mKate2</kwd><kwd>флуоресцентный белок</kwd><kwd>время жизни флуоресценции</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-24-00011</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Cardarelli F. // Int. 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