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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27510</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27510</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Definitive Endoderm As a Model of Heterogeneity Onset During Germ Layer Specification</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Дифференцировка эмбриональных стволовых клеток в направлении дефинитивной энтодермы как модель возникновения гетерогенности во время спецификации зародышевых листков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gordeev</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гордеев</surname><given-names>М. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pluripotency Dynamics Group, Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Stem Cells, Institute of Evolution</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Группа динамики плюрипотентности, лаборатория молекулярной биологии стволовых клеток, Институт эволюции</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinovyeva</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зиновьева</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pluripotency Dynamics Group, Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Stem Cells</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Группа динамики плюрипотентности, лаборатория молекулярной биологии стволовых клеток</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrenko</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петренко</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pluripotency Dynamics Group, Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Stem Cells,<sup> </sup>Faculty of Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Группа динамики плюрипотентности, лаборатория молекулярной биологии стволовых клеток, факультет биологии</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lomert</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ломерт</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory of Molecular Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборатория молекулярной медицины</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aksenov</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Аксенов</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Department of Intracellular Signaling and Transport</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>отдел внутриклеточного сигналинга и транспорта</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tomilin</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Томилин</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Stem Cells</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборатория молекулярной биологии стволовых клеток</p></bio><email>a.tomilin@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakhmet</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бахмет</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pluripotency Dynamics Group, Laboratory of the Molecular Biology of Stem Cells</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Группа динамики плюрипотентности, лаборатория молекулярной биологии стволовых клеток</p></bio><email>e.bakhmet@incras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Haifa</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Университет Хайфы</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Technion – Israel Institute of Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Технион – Институт Технологий Израиля</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>62</fpage><lpage>72</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-29"><day>29</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-23"><day>23</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Gordeev M.N., Zinovyeva A.S., Petrenko E.E., Lomert E.V., Aksenov N.D., Tomilin A.N., Bakhmet E.I.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Gordeev M., Zinovyeva A., Petrenko E., Lomert E., Aksenov N., Tomilin A., Bakhmet E.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gordeev M.N., Zinovyeva A.S., Petrenko E.E., Lomert E.V., Aksenov N.D., Tomilin A.N., Bakhmet E.I.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Gordeev M., Zinovyeva A., Petrenko E., Lomert E., Aksenov N., Tomilin A., Bakhmet E.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27510">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27510</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine thanks to their ability to self-renew and differentiate into somatic cells and the germline. ESCs correspond to pluripotent epiblast — the tissue from which the following three germ layers originate during embryonic gastrulation: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Importantly, ESCs can be induced to differentiate toward various cell types by varying culture conditions, which can be exploited for <italic>in vitro</italic> modeling of developmental processes such as gastrulation. The classical model of gastrulation postulates that mesoderm and endoderm specification is made possible through the FGF-, BMP-, Wnt-, and Nodal-signaling gradients. Hence, it can be expected that one of these signals should direct ESC differentiation towards specific germ layers. However, ESC specification appears to be more complicated, and the same signal can be interpreted differently depending on the readout. In this research, using chemically defined culture conditions, homogeneous naïve ESCs as a starting cell population, and<italic> </italic>the<italic> Foxa2</italic> gene-driven EGFP reporter tool, we established a robust model of definitive endoderm (DE) specification. This <italic>in vitro</italic> model features formative pluripotency as an intermediate state acquired by the epiblast <italic>in vivo</italic> shortly after implantation. Despite the initially homogeneous state of the cells in the model and high Activin concentration during endodermal specification, there remains a cell subpopulation that does not reach the endodermal state. This simple model developed by us can be used to study the origins of cellular heterogeneity during germ layer specification.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Использование эмбриональных стволовых клеток (ЭСК) в регенеративной медицине крайне перспективно благодаря их способности к самообновлению и дифференцировке как в соматические клетки, так и в половые клетки. ЭСК соответствуют плюрипотентному эпибласту – ткани, которая дает начало трем зародышевым листкам (эктодерме, мезодерме и энтодерме) в ходе гаструляции. Важно отметить, что ЭСК можно дифференцировать в различные клеточные типы, изменяя условия культивирования, что может быть использовано для моделирования гаструляции <italic>in vitro</italic>. Классическая модель гаструляции предполагает, что спецификация мезодермы и энтодермы обеспечивается градиентом сигналов FGF, BMP, Wnt и Nodal. Логично предположить, что каждый из этих сигналов должен направлять дифференцировку ЭСК в производные определенного зародышевого листка. Однако, по-видимому, спецификация ЭСК организована сложнее, а один и тот же сигнал может быть интерпретирован клетками по-разному. Используя культуральные среды с полностью определенным химическим составом, однородную популяцию «наивных» ЭСК в качестве исходной клеточной линии, а также репортерную систему <italic>Foxa2-EGFP</italic>, мы создали надежную модель развития дефинитивной энтодермы (ДЭ). Эта модель <italic>in vitro</italic> воспроизводит состояние «формативной» плюрипотентности как промежуточной стадии, которую проходит эпибласт сразу после имплантации <italic>in vivo</italic>. Несмотря на изначально однородное состояние популяции и высокую концентрацию активина во время энтодермальной дифференцировки, остается субпопуляция клеток, которая не дифференцируется в энтодерму. Разработанная нами модель может быть использована для исследования возникновения клеточной неоднородности во время гаструляции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>pluripotency</kwd><kwd>specification</kwd><kwd>differentiation</kwd><kwd>embryonic stem cells</kwd><kwd>ESCs</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>gastrulation</kwd><kwd>endoderm</kwd><kwd>Foxa2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>плюрипотентность</kwd><kwd>спецификация</kwd><kwd>дифференцировка</kwd><kwd>эмбриональные стволовые клетки</kwd><kwd>ЭСК</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>гаструляция</kwd><kwd>энтодерма</kwd><kwd>Foxa2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-75-10096</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Martin G.R. // Proc. 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