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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27477</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27477</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Reactive Byproducts of Plant Redox Metabolism and Protein Functions</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Химически активные побочные продукты редокс-метаболизма растений и функции белков</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>e.sharova@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>S. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>С. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>e.sharova@spbu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">St Petersburg University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-12-09" publication-format="electronic"><day>09</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-02"><day>02</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-10-18"><day>18</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Sharova E.I., Medvedev S.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Шарова Е.И., Медведев С.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sharova E.I., Medvedev S.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шарова Е.И., Медведев С.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27477">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27477</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Living organisms exhibit an impressive ability to expand the basic information encoded in their genome, specifically regarding the structure and function of protein. Two basic strategies are employed to increase protein diversity and functionality: alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational protein modifications (PTMs). Enzymatic regulation is responsible for the majority of the chemical reactions occurring within living cells. However, plants redox metabolism perpetually generates reactive byproducts that spontaneously interact with and modify biomolecules, including proteins. Reactive carbonyls resulted from the oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids carbonylate proteins, leading to the latter inactivation and deposition in the form of glycation and lipoxidation end products. The protein nitrosylation caused by reactive nitrogen species plays a crucial role in plant morphogenesis and stress reactions. The redox state of protein thiol groups modified by reactive oxygen species is regulated through the interplay of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins, thereby influencing processes such as protein folding, enzyme activity, and calcium and hormone signaling. This review provides a summary of the PTMs caused by chemically active metabolites and explores their functional consequences in plant proteins.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Живые организмы обладают удивительной способностью значительно расширять базовую информацию о строении и функциях белка, закодированную в геноме. Существует несколько способов увеличения разнообразия и функциональных возможностей белков, главными из которых являются альтернативный сплайсинг мРНК и посттрансляционные модификации белков (ПТМ). Большинство химических реакций, протекающих в живых клетках, контролируется ферментами. Однако в клетках постоянно появляются химически активные побочные продукты редокс-метаболизма растений, которые могут спонтанно реагировать с биомолекулами, в том числе с белками, вызывая их модификации. Активные карбонилы, возникающие в ходе окислительного метаболизма углеводов и липидов, карбонилируют белки, приводя к их инактивации и отложению в форме конечных продуктов гликирования и липоксидирования. Нитрозилирование белков, вызываемое активными формами азота, – важный элемент реализации морфогенетических программ и стрессовых реакций растений. Редокс-модификации тиольных групп белков под действием активных форм кислорода контролируются тиоредоксинами и глутаредоксинами и вовлечены в фолдинг белков, регуляцию активности ферментов, кальциевую и гормональную сигнализации. В обзоре обобщена информация о ПТМ, вызываемых химически активными метаболитами, и о роли этих модификаций в функционировании белков растений.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins</kwd><kwd>proteoforms</kwd><kwd>carbonylation</kwd><kwd>nitrosylation</kwd><kwd>glutathionylation</kwd><kwd>sulfenylation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>посттрансляционные модификации белков (ПТМ)</kwd><kwd>протеоформы</kwd><kwd>карбонилирование</kwd><kwd>нитрозилирование</kwd><kwd>глутатионилирование</kwd><kwd>сульфенилирование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>20–16–00086-П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Laloum T., Martín G., Duque P. // Trends Plant Sci. 2018. 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