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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27468</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27468</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genome Characterization of Two Novel <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> Phages vL_296 and vL_20A</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Характеристика генома двух новых фагов <italic>Lactococcus lactis</italic> phage vL_296 и vL_20A</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chuksina</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чуксина</surname><given-names>Т. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-7105-6003</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">KJM-1679-2024</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fatkulin</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фаткулин</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sorokina</surname><given-names>N. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сорокина</surname><given-names>Н. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>n.sorokina@fncps.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smykov</surname><given-names>I. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смыков</surname><given-names>И. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuraeva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кураева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Masezhnaya</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Масежная</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Smagina</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смагина</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6668-5028</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shkurnikov</surname><given-names>M. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шкурников</surname><given-names>М. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mshkurnikov@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Department of Biology and Biotechnology, HSE University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Высшая школа экономики, факультет биологии и биотехнологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФНЦ пищевых систем им. В.М. Горбатова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-11-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>102</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-07-29"><day>29</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-09-17"><day>17</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Chuksina T.A., Fatkulin A.A., Sorokina N.P., Smykov I.T., Kuraeva E.V., Masezhnaya E.S., Smagina K.A., Shkurnikov M.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Чуксина Т.А., Фаткулин А.А., Сорокина Н.П., Смыков И.Т., Кураева Е.В., Масежная Е.С., Смагина К.А., Шкурников М.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Chuksina T.A., Fatkulin A.A., Sorokina N.P., Smykov I.T., Kuraeva E.V., Masezhnaya E.S., Smagina K.A., Shkurnikov M.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Чуксина Т.А., Фаткулин А.А., Сорокина Н.П., Смыков И.Т., Кураева Е.В., Масежная Е.С., Смагина К.А., Шкурников М.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27468">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27468</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Fermented dairy products are produced using starter cultures. They ferment milk to create products with a certain texture, aroma, and taste. However, the lactic acid bacteria used in this production are prone to bacteriophage infection. We examined the genomes of two newly discovered bacteriophage species that were isolated from cheese whey during the cheesemaking process. We have determined the species and the lytic spectrum of these bacteriophages. Phages vL_20A and vL_296 were isolated using lactococcal indicator cultures. They have unique lytic spectra: of the 21 possible identified host bacteria, only four are shared amongst them. The vL_20A and vL_296 genomes comprise linear double-stranded DNA lengths with 21,909 and 22,667 nucleotide pairs, respectively. <italic>Lactococcus</italic><italic> </italic><italic>phage</italic><italic> </italic><italic>bIL</italic><italic>67</italic> (ANI 93.3 and 92.6, respectively) is the closest to the phages vL_20A and vL_296. The analysis of the CRISPR spacers in the genomes of starter cultures did not reveal any phage-specific vL_20A or vL_296 among them. This study highlights the biodiversity of <italic>L</italic><italic>. </italic><italic>lactis</italic><italic> </italic>phages, their widespread presence in dairy products, and their virulence. However, the virulence of phages is balanced by the presence of a significant number of bacterial strains with different sensitivities to phages in the starter cultures due to the bacterial immune system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Производство ферментированных молочных продуктов основано на использовании заквасочных культур, которые сквашивают молоко с образованием продукта с определенной текстурой, ароматом и вкусом. Однако используемые в производстве молочнокислые бактерии подвержены инфицированию бактериофагами. Изучали геномы двух бактериофагов, выделенных из подсырной сыворотки при производстве сыров. Определили видовую принадлежность и литический спектр этих бактериофагов. Фаги vL_20А и vL_296, выделенные с использованием индикаторных культур лактококков, обладают уникальными литическими спектрами: только четыре бактерии-хозяина из 21 возможной выявленной у них общие. Геномы vL_20A и vL_296 состоят из линейной ДНК длиной 21909 и 22667 п.н. соответственно. Наиболее похожим на фаги vL_20A и vL_296 оказался <italic>Lactococcus </italic><italic>phage </italic><italic>bIL67</italic> (ANI 93.3 и 92.6 соответственно). Анализ спейсеров CRISPR в геномах заквасочных культур не выявил среди них специфичных к фагам vL_20A и vL_296. Это исследование подчеркивает биоразнообразие фагов <italic>L. </italic><italic>lactis</italic>, а также широкое присутствие фагов на молочных заводах и их вирулентность. Однако вирулентность фагов уравновешивается наличием в ряде заквасочных культур значительного количества штаммов бактерий, обладающих благодаря системе CRISPR-Cas различной чувствительностью к фагам.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bacteriophage</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>cheese making</kwd><kwd>starter cultures</kwd><kwd>One Health</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Бактериофаг</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas</kwd><kwd>сыроделие</kwd><kwd>заквасочные культуры</kwd><kwd>единое здоровье</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (проект)</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of Science and Higher Education</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2024-483</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>White K., Eraclio G., McDonnell B., Bottacini F., Lugli G.A., Ventura M., Volontè F., Dal Bello F., Mahony J., van Sinderen D. // Appl. 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