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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27384</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27384</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">An Attenuated and Highly Immunogenic Variant of the Vaccinia Virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Аттенуированный и высокоиммуногенный вариант вируса осповакцины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubitskiy</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубицкий</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyankov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пьянков</surname><given-names>С. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulgina</surname><given-names>I. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульгина</surname><given-names>И. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starostina</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старостина</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borgoyakova</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боргоякова</surname><given-names>М. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisakov</surname><given-names>D. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисаков</surname><given-names>Д. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное бюджетное учреждение науки «Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-21" publication-format="electronic"><day>21</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>89</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-10"><day>10</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-04"><day>04</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Titova K.A., Pyankov S.A., Shulgina I.S., Starostina E.V., Borgoyakova M.B., Kisakov D.N., Karpenko L.I., Shchelkunova G.A., Sergeev A.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Щелкунов С.Н., Якубицкий С.Н., Титова К.А., Пьянков С.А., Шульгина И.С., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Кисаков Д.Н., Карпенко Л.И., Щелкунова Г.А., Сергеев А.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Titova K.A., Pyankov S.A., Shulgina I.S., Starostina E.V., Borgoyakova M.B., Kisakov D.N., Karpenko L.I., Shchelkunova G.A., Sergeev A.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелкунов С.Н., Якубицкий С.Н., Титова К.А., Пьянков С.А., Шульгина И.С., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Кисаков Д.Н., Карпенко Л.И., Щелкунова Г.А., Сергеев А.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27384">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27384</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The vaccinia virus (VACV) has been used for prophylactic immunization against smallpox for many decades. However, the VACV-based vaccine had been highly reactogenic. Therefore, after the eradication of smallpox, the World Health Organization in 1980 recommended that vaccination against this infection be discontinued. As a result, there has been a rise in the occurrence of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in recent years, with the most severe being the 2022 monkeypox epidemic that reached all continents. Thus, it is crucial to address the pressing matter of developing safe and highly immunogenic vaccines for new generations to combat orthopoxvirus infections. In a previous study, we created a LAD strain by modifying the LIVP (L) VACV strain, which is used as a first-generation smallpox vaccine in Russia. This modification involved introducing mutations in the A34R gene to enhance extracellular virion production and deleting the A35R gene to counteract the antibody response to the viral infection. In this study, a strain LADA was created with an additional deletion in the DNA of the LAD strain ati gene. This ati gene directs the production of a major non-virion immunogen. The findings indicate that the LADA VACV variant exhibits lower levels of reactogenicity in BALB/c mice during intranasal infection, as compared to the original L strain. Following intradermal immunization with a 105 PFU dose, both the LAD and LADA strains were found to induce a significantly enhanced cellular immune response in mice when compared to the L strain. At the same time, the highest level of virus-specific IFN-γ producing cells for the LAD variant was detected on the 7th day post-immunization (dpi), whereas for LADA, it was observed on 14 dpi. The LAD and LADA strains induced significantly elevated levels of VACV-specific IgG compared to the original L strain, particularly between 28 and 56 dpi. The vaccinated mice were intranasally infected with the cowpox virus at a dose of 460 LD50 to assess the protective immunity at 62 dpi. The LADA virus conferred complete protection to mice, with the LAD strain providing 70% protection and the parent strain L offering protection to only 60% of the animals.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирус осповакцины (VACV) многие десятилетия использовался для профилактической иммунизации против оспы. Однако вакцина на его основе была высокореактогенной, поэтому после ликвидации оспы Всемирная организация здравоохранения в 1980 году рекомендовала прекратить вакцинацию против данной инфекции. Это привело к тому, что в последние годы все чаще стали возникать вспышки ортопоксвирусных инфекций среди людей, наибольшей из которых стала эпидемия оспы обезьян 2022 года, распространившаяся на все континенты. Поэтому актуальным остается создание безопасных высокоиммуногенных вакцин новых поколений против ортопоксвирусных инфекций. Ранее на основе штамма ЛИВП (L) VACV, используемого в России в качестве противооспенной вакцины первого поколения, нами получен штамм LAD с мутациями в гене A34R, приводящими к увеличенной продукции внеклеточных вирионов, и с делецией гена A35R, ингибирующего гуморальный ответ на вирусную инфекцию. В данной работе создан штамм LADA с дополнительной делецией в гене ati штамма LAD, направляющего продукцию мажорного невирионного иммуногена. При интраназальном инфицировании мышей линии BALB/c выявлено, что вариант LADA VACV менее реактогенен в сравнении с исходным штаммом L. При внутрикожной иммунизации мышей в дозе 105 БОЕ штаммы LAD и LADA индуцируют более выраженный клеточный иммунный ответ по сравнению со штаммом L. При этом максимальный уровень вирусспецифических IFN-γ-продуцирующих клеток для варианта LAD выявлен на 7 день после иммунизации (дпи), а для LADA – на 14 дпи. Штаммы LAD и LADA индуцировали значительно больший уровень VACV-специфичных IgG по сравнению с родительским штаммом L, особенно в период 28–56 дпи. Для оценки протективного иммунитета на 62 дпи вакцинированных мышей интраназально заражали вирусом оспы коров в дозе 460 ЛД50. Вирус LADA при этом обеспечивал полную защиту мышей, штамм LAD – 70%, а родительский штамм L – лишь 60% животных.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>targeted gene deletion</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>intradermal injection</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>protectivity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>направленная делеция генов</kwd><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>внутрикожная инъекция</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>протективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-14-00006-П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. 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