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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">27323</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.27323</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Ultrastructural 3D Microscopy for Biomedicine: Principles, Applications, and Perspectives</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Ультраструктурная 3D-микроскопия для биомедицины. Принципы, применение, перспективы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mochalov</surname><given-names>K. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мочалов</surname><given-names>К. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voleinik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhov</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржов</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voleinik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Altunina</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алтунина</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voleinik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Agapova</surname><given-names>O. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Агапова</surname><given-names>О. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voleinik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Oleinikov</surname><given-names>V. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Олейников</surname><given-names>В. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>voleinik@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin–Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский ядерный университет «МИФИ»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский физико-технический институт (национальный исследовательский университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Academician V.I. Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр трансплантологии и искусственных органов им. академика В.И. Шумакова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-05-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>16</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>29</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-11-08"><day>08</day><month>11</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-01-24"><day>24</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Mochalov K.E., Korzhov D.S., Altunina A.V., Agapova O.I., Oleinikov V.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Мочалов К.Е., Коржов Д.С., Алтунина А.В., Агапова О.И., Олейников В.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mochalov K.E., Korzhov D.S., Altunina A.V., Agapova O.I., Oleinikov V.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мочалов К.Е., Коржов Д.С., Алтунина А.В., Агапова О.И., Олейников В.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27323">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/27323</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Modern biomedical research often requires a three-dimensional microscopic analysis of the ultrastructure of biological objects and materials. Conceptual technical and methodological solutions for three-dimensional structure reconstruction are needed to improve the conventional optical, electron, and probe microscopy methods, which to begin with allow one to obtain two-dimensional images and data. This review discusses the principles and potential applications of such techniques as serial section transmission electron microscopy; techniques based on scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (array tomography, focused ion beam SEM, and serial block-face SEM). 3D analysis techniques based on modern super-resolution optical microscopy methods are described (stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy and stimulated emission depletion microscopy), as well as ultrastructural 3D microscopy methods based on scanning probe microscopy and the feasibility of combining them with optical techniques. A comparative analysis of the advantages and shortcomings of the discussed approaches is performed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современные биомедицинские исследования зачастую требуют трехмерного микроскопического анализа ультраструктуры биологических объектов и материалов. Усовершенствование традиционных методов оптической, электронной и зондовой микроскопии, исходно позволяющих получать двумерные изображения и данные для целей реконструкции трехмерных структур, требует концептуальных технических и методических решений. В обзоре рассмотрены принципы и возможные приложения таких методик, как просвечивающая электронная микроскопия серийных срезов; техники на основе сканирующей электронной микроскопии (СЭМ): матричная томография, СЭМ с фокусированным ионным пучком и серийная СЭМ поверхности блока. Описаны техники 3D-анализа на базе современных методов оптической микроскопии сверхвысокого разрешения: стохастической оптической реконструкции и микроскопии с истощением стимулированного излучения, а также методы ультраструктурной 3D-микроскопии на базе сканирующей зондовой микроскопии и возможности их объединения с оптическими техниками. Проведен сравнительный анализ преимуществ и недостатков рассмотренных подходов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>ultrastructural 3D microscopy</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>tomography</kwd><kwd>super-resolution optical microscopy</kwd><kwd>scanning probe microscopy</kwd><kwd>biomedical research</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ультраструктурная 3D-микроскопия</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>томография</kwd><kwd>оптическая микроскопия сверхвысокого разрешения</kwd><kwd>сканирующая зондовая микроскопия</kwd><kwd>биомедицинские исследования</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>22-14-00168</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Franken L.E., Grünewald K., Boekema E.J., Stuart M.C.A. // Small. 2020. 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