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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">23425</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.23425</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Rurikids: The First Experience of Reconstructing the Genetic Portrait of the Ruling Family of Medieval Rus’ Based on Paleogenomic Data</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Рюриковичи: первый опыт реконструкции генетического облика правящего рода средневековой Руси по данным палеогеномики</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5575-4067</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhur</surname><given-names>Kristina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жур</surname><given-names>Кристина Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zhur_kv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1189-5597</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">56986506300</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5357-6805</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sharko</surname><given-names>Fedor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шарко</surname><given-names>Федор Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fedosic@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sedov</surname><given-names>Vkadimir V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Седов</surname><given-names>Владимир Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sedov1960@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-4199</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">23485169000</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAO-2565-2020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dobrovolskaya</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Добровольская</surname><given-names>Мария Всеволодовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mk_pa@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57218284523</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Volkov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Волков</surname><given-names>Владимир Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>vladimirgenvolkov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maximov</surname><given-names>Nikita G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Никита Григорьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nmaximov@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Seslavin</surname><given-names>Andrey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сеславин</surname><given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>seslavin@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9867-450X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">35221775400</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">ABH-1017-2021</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4437-4133</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Makarov</surname><given-names>Nikolay A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Макаров</surname><given-names>Николай Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nmakarov10@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6602596138</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">I-9108-2014</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhortchouk</surname><given-names>Egor B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохорчук</surname><given-names>Егор Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokhortchouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Centre “Fundamentals of Biotechnology” of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Archeology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт археологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Regional State Autonomous Institution “Center of Tatar Culture”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Областное государственное автономное учреждение «Центр татарской культуры»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">ANO “Runiverse”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">АНО Руниверс</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Public Organisation “RDS”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Общероссийская общественная организация «РДС»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>50</fpage><lpage>65</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-06-20"><day>20</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-08-17"><day>17</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Zhur K.V., Sharko F.S., Sedov V.V., Dobrovolskaya M.V., Volkov V.G., Maximov N.G., Seslavin A.N., Makarov N.A., Prokhortchouk E.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Жур К.В., Шарко Ф.С., Седов В.В., Добровольская М.В., Волков В.Г., Максимов Н.Г., Сеславин А.Н., Макаров Н.А., Прохорчук Е.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhur K.V., Sharko F.S., Sedov V.V., Dobrovolskaya M.V., Volkov V.G., Maximov N.G., Seslavin A.N., Makarov N.A., Prokhortchouk E.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жур К.В., Шарко Ф.С., Седов В.В., Добровольская М.В., Волков В.Г., Максимов Н.Г., Сеславин А.Н., Макаров Н.А., Прохорчук Е.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/23425">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/23425</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The Rurikids were the reigning house of Rus’, its principalities and, ultimately the Tsardom of Russia, for seven centuries: from the IX to the end of the XVI century. According to the Primary Chronicle (the Tale of Bygone Years), the main chronicle of Rus’, the Rurik dynasty was founded by the Varangian prince Rurik, invited to reign in Novgorod in 862, but still there is no direct genetic evidence of the origin of the early Rurikids. This research, for the first time, provides a genome-wide paleogenetic analysis of bone remains belonging to one of the Rurikids, Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich (?–1294), the son of the Grand Prince of Vladimir Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (1221–1263). It has been established that his Y chromosome belongs to the N1a haplogroup. Most of the modern Rurikids, according to their genealogies, belonging to the N1a haplogroup, have the most similar variants of Y chromosomes to each other, as well as to the Y chromosome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich. Genome-wide data of the medieval and modern Rurikids unequivocally indicates that they belong to the N1a haplogroup of the Y chromosome, starting at least from the XI century (since the time of Prince Yaroslav the Wise). All the other alleged Rurikids, both ancient and modern, being carriers of other haplogroups (R1a, I2a), possess high heterogeneity of the sequence of Y chromosomes, meaning that we cannot confirm their common ancestry. The most probable ancestors of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich in the male line were the men who left the burial ground Bolshoy Oleny Island on the coast of the Kola Peninsula about 3,600 years ago. The reconstruction of the genome of Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich indicates the contribution of three ancestral components to his origin: (1) the early medieval population of the east of Scandinavia from the island of Oland, (2) representatives of the steppe nomadic peoples of the Eurasian steppes of the Iron Age or the early medieval population of central Europe (steppe nomads from the territory of Hungary), and (3) the ancient East-Eurasian component. Reliable statistics were also obtained when the Scandinavians were replaced with the Medieval Russian Slavic populations of the XI century. Thus, for the first time, we have shown the complex nature of interethnic interactions in the formation of the nobility of medieval Rus’ on the example of the ancient Rurikid.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представители рода Рюриковичей были правителями Руси в течение семи столетий, с IX до конца XVI в. «Повесть временных лет», главный летописный источник о первых веках истории Руси, ведет происхождение этого княжеского рода от варяга Рюрика, призванного на княжение в 862 г., однако прямых генетических свидетельств происхождения ранних Рюриковичей до сих пор не получено. В данной работе впервые проведен полногеномный палеогенетический анализ костных останков представителя рода Рюриковичей – великого князя Владимирского Дмитрия Александровича (?–1294), сына великого князя Киевского и Владимирского Александра Ярославича Невского (1221–1263). Установлено, что его Y хромосома принадлежит к N1a-гаплогруппе. Большинство современных Рюриковичей, принадлежащие, согласно их родословным, к гаплогруппе N1a, обладают максимально похожими вариантами Y хромосом между собой, а также с Y хромосомой князя Дмитрия Александровича. Совокупность полногеномных данных средневековых и современных Рюриковичей может однозначно говорить о том, что их род, начиная по крайней мере с XI в. (со времени великого князя Ярослава Мудрого), характеризуется носительством N1a-гаплогруппы Y хромосомы. Все остальные предполагаемые Рюриковичи как древние, так и современные являются носителями других гаплогрупп (R1a, I2a), обладают высокой гетерогенностью последовательности Y хромосом и не подтверждают единое происхождение. Наиболее вероятными отдаленными предками князя Дмитрия Александровича по мужской линии были мужчины, оставившие могильник Большой Олений остров на побережье Кольского полуострова около 3600 лет назад. Моделирование генома князя Дмитрия Александровича указывает на вклад в его происхождение трех предковых компонент: (1) популяции раннесредневекового населения востока Скандинавии с острова Эланд; (2) представителей степных кочевых народов евразийских степей железного века или раннесредневекового населения Центральной Европы (степные кочевники с территории Венгрии) и (3) древнего сибирского компонента. Достоверные значения статистики также получены при замене жителей Скандинавии на представителей славянского древнерусского населения XI в. Таким образом, впервые на примере древнего Рюриковича показана генетическая составляющая сложного характера межэтнических взаимодействий в формировании знати средневековой Руси.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>the Rurikids</kwd><kwd>Prince Dmitry Alexandrovich</kwd><kwd>whole genome sequencing</kwd><kwd>N1a-haplogroup</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Рюриковичи</kwd><kwd>князь Дмитрий Александрович</kwd><kwd>полногеномное секвенирование</kwd><kwd>N1a-гаплогруппа</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Министерство науки и высшего образования РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>13.1902.21.0023</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Volkov V.G. // Genealogy of the pre-Petrine time: source study, methodology, research. 2012. 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