<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17872</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.17872</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Effect of the <italic>ati</italic> Gene Deletion on the Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of the Vaccinia Virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Влияние делеции гена <italic>ati</italic> на патогенные и иммуногенные свойства вируса осповакцины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubitskiy</surname><given-names>Stanislav N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубицкий</surname><given-names>Станислав Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yakubitskiy@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>Aleksander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sergeev_ala@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>Ксения Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>titova_ka@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shulgina</surname><given-names>Irina S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шульгина</surname><given-names>Ирина Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shulgina_is@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starostina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старостина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>starostina_ev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borgoyakova</surname><given-names>Maria B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боргоякова</surname><given-names>Мария Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borgoyakova_mb@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>Larisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Лариса Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>karpenko@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>Sergei N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-10-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>10</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-12"><day>12</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-07-24"><day>24</day><month>07</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Yakubitskiy S.N., Sergeev A.A., Titova K.A., Shulgina I.S., Starostina E.V., Borgoyakova M.B., Karpenko L.I., Shchelkunov S.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Якубицкий С.Н., Сергеев А.А., Титова К.А., Шульгина И.С., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Карпенко Л.И., Щелкунов С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yakubitskiy S.N., Sergeev A.A., Titova K.A., Shulgina I.S., Starostina E.V., Borgoyakova M.B., Karpenko L.I., Shchelkunov S.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Якубицкий С.Н., Сергеев А.А., Титова К.А., Шульгина И.С., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Карпенко Л.И., Щелкунов С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/17872">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/17872</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Among the nonvirion proteins of the vaccinia virus (VACV), a 94-kDa long protein is most abundantly present; the protein is a truncated form of the 150-kDa A-type inclusion (ATI) protein of the cowpox virus encoded by the <italic>ati</italic> gene. This VACV protein does not form intracellular ATIs, being as it is a major immunogen upon infection/immunization of humans or animals with the VACV. Antibodies specific to this protein are not virus-neutralizing. The present study focused on the effect of the production of this nonstructural major immunogenic VACV protein on the manifestation of pathogenicity and immunogenicity of the virus in the BALB/c mouse model of infection. In order to introduce a targeted deletion into the VACV LIVP genome, the recombinant integration/deletion plasmid p∆ati was constructed and further used to generate the recombinant virus LIVP∆ati. The pathogenicity of the VACV LIVP and LIVP∆ati strains was studied in 3-week-old mice. The mice were intranasally infected with the viruses at a dose of 10<sup>7</sup> pfu; 50% of the animals infected with the parent LIVP strain died, while infection with the LIVP∆ati strain led to the death of only 20% of the mice. Intradermal vaccination of mice aged 6–7 weeks with the LIVP∆ati virus statistically significantly increased the production of VACV-specific IgG, compared to that after intradermal vaccination with VACV LIVP. Meanwhile, no differences were noted in the cell-mediated immune response to the vaccination of mice with VACV LIVP or LIVP∆ati, which was assessed by ELISpot according to the number of splenocytes producing IFN-γ in response to stimulation with virus-specific peptides. Intranasal infection of mice with lethal doses of the cowpox virus or the ectromelia virus on day 60 post-immunization with the studied VACV variants demonstrated that the mutant LIVP∆ati elicits a stronger protective response compared to the parent LIVP.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Среди невирионных белков вируса осповакцины (VACV) наиболее представлен поздний белок 94 кДа – укороченная форма белка внутриклеточных телец включения типа А (A-type inclusion, ATI) вируса оспы коров, который имеет размер 150 кДа и кодируется геном <italic>ati</italic>. Этот белок VACV не формирует внутриклеточные ATI, будучи при этом мажорным иммуногеном при инфекции/иммунизации VACV человека или животных, а антитела к этому белку не являются вируснейтрализующими. В представленной работе изучено влияние продукции неструктурного мажорного иммуногенного белка VACV на проявления патогенности и иммуногенности вируса при модельной инфекции мышей линии BALB/c. Для направленного введения делеции в геном VACV LIVP создана рекомбинантная плазмида интеграции/делеции p∆ati и с ее помощью рекомбинантный вирус LIVP∆ati. Патогенность штаммов VACV LIVP и LIVP∆ati изучали на 3-недельных мышах. Интраназальное заражение мышей вирусами в дозе 10<sup>7</sup> БОЕ приводило к гибели 50% животных, инфицированных исходным штаммом LIVP, тогда как после заражения штаммом LIVP∆ati погибло лишь 20% мышей. Внутрикожная иммунизация 6–7-недельных мышей вирусом LIVP∆ati приводила к достоверному увеличению продукции VACV-специфичных IgG по сравнению с внутрикожной вакцинацией VACV LIVP. При этом не выявлено различий в клеточном иммунном ответе на вакцинацию мышей VACV LIVP или LIVP∆ati, оцениваемом методом ELISpot по числу спленоцитов, продуцирующих IFN-γ в ответ на стимуляцию вирус-специ­фическими пептидами. Интраназальное заражение мышей летальными дозами вируса оспы коров или вируса эктромелии на 60-й день после иммунизации изучаемыми вариантами VACV показало, что мутантный LIVP∆ati обусловливает более выраженный протективный эффект по сравнению с родительским LIVP.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>ati gene</kwd><kwd>intradermal injection</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>protectivity</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>ген ati</kwd><kwd>внутрикожная инъекция</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>протективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-14-00006-П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. Smallpox and Its Eradication. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland, 1988. 1460 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Shchelkunov S.N., Marennikova S.S., Moyer R.W. Orthopoxviruses Pathogenic for Humans. New York, USA: Springer, 2005. 425 p.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moss B. // Immunol. Rev. 2011. V. 239. № 1. P. 8–26.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moss B. // Immunol. Rev. 2011. V. 239. P. 8–26.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunova G.A., Shchelkunov S.N. // Acta Naturae. 2017. V. 9. № 4. P. 4–12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunova G.A., Shchelkunov S.N. // Acta Naturae. 2017. V. 9. P. 4–12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Payne L.G. // J. Gen. Virol. 1980. V. 50. P. 89–100.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Shchelkunova G.A. // Acta Naturae. 2020. V. 12. № 1. P. 33–41.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N., Shchelkunova G.A. // Acta Naturae. 2020. V. 12. P. 33–41.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Shedlovsky T., Smadel J.E. // J. Exp. Med. 1942. V. 75. № 2. P. 165–178.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Funahashi S., Sato T., Shida H. // J. Gen. Virol. 1988. V. 69. № 1. P. 35–47.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Funahashi S., Sato T., Shida H. // J. Gen. Virol. 1988. V. 69 (Pt 1). P. 35–47.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>de Carlos A., Paez E. // Virology. 1991. V. 185. № 2. P. 768–778.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katsafanas G.C., Moss B. // J. Virol. 2020. V. 94. № 4. P. e01671–19.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katsafanas G.C., Moss B. // J. Virol. 2020. V. 94. № 4. e01671–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Jones-Trower A., Garcia A., Meseda C.A., He Y., Weiss C., Kumar A., Weir J.P., Merchlinsky M. // Virology. 2005. V. 343. № 1. P. 128–140.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Moutaftsi M., Tscharke D.C., Vaughan K., Koelle D.M., Stern L., Calvo-Calle M., Ennis F., Terajima M., Sutter G., Crotty S., et al. // Future Microbiol. 2010. V. 5. № 2. P. 221–239.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Marques J.T., Trindade G.D., Da Fonseca F.G., Dos Santos J.R., Bonjardim C.A., Ferreira P.C., Kroon E.G. // Virus Genes. 2001. V. 23. № 3. P. 291–301.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Leite J.A., Drumond B.P., de Souza Trindade G., Bonjardim C.A., Ferreira P.C.P., Kroon E.G. // Virus Genes. 2007. V. 35. № 3. P. 531–539.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Leite J.A., da Fonseca F.G., de Souza Trindade G., Abrahao J.S., Arantes R.M., de Almeida-Leite C.M., dos Santos J.R., Guedes M.I., Ribeiro B.M., Bonjardim C.A., et al. // Arch. Virol. 2011. V. 156. № 4. P. 617–628.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kastenmayer R.J., Maruri-Avidal L., Americo J.L., Earl P.L., Weisberg A.S., Moss B. // Virology. 2014. V. 452–453. P. 59–66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. // Acta Naturae. 2015. V. 7. № 4. P. 113–121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yakubitskiy S.N., Kolosova I.V., Maksyutov R.A., Shchelkunov S.N. // Acta Naturae. 2015. V. 7. P. 113–121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Bauer T.V., Sergeev A.A., Kabanov A.S., Bulichev L.E., Yurganova I.A., Odnoshevskiy D.A., Kolosova I.V., Pyankov S.A., et al. // Acta Naturae. 2020. V. 12. № 4. P. 120–132.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Bauer T.V., Sergeev A.A., Kabanov A.S., Bulichev L.E., Yurganova I.A., Odnoshevskiy D.A., Kolosova I.V., Pyankov S.A., et al. // Acta Naturae. 2020. V. 12. P. 120–132.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Sergeev A.A., Starostina E.V., Titova K.A., Pyankov S.A., Shchelkunova G.A., Borgoyakova M.B., Zadorozhny A.M., Orlova L.A., et al. // Viruses. 2022. V. 14. № 7. Р. 1453.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Sergeev A.A., Starostina E.V., Titova K.A., Pyankov S.A., Shchelkunova G.A., Borgoyakova M.B., Zadorozhny A.M., Orlova L.A., et al. // Viruses. 2022. V. 14. Р. 1453.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oseroff C., Peters B., Pasquetto V., Moutaftsi M., Sidney J., Panchanathan V., Tscharke D.C., Maillere B., Grey H., Sette A. // J. Immunol. 2008. V. 180. № 11. P. 7193–7202.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Oseroff C., Peters B., Pasquetto V., Moutaftsi M., Sidney J., Panchanathan V., Tscharke D.C., Maillere B., Grey H., Sette A. // J. Immunol. 2008. V. 180. P. 7193–7202.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Russell T.A., Tscharke D.C. // Immunol. Cell Biol. 2014. V. 92. № 5. P. 466–469.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Russell T.A., Tscharke D.C. // Immunol. Cell Biol. 2014. V. 92. P. 466–469.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Hughes L.J., Townsend M.B., Gallardo-Romero N., Hutson C.L., Patel N., Dotty J.B., Salzer J.S., Damon I.K., Carroll D.S., Satheshkumar P.S., et al. // Virology. 2020. V. 544. P. 55–63.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Shchelkunov S.N., Yakubitskiy S.N., Sergeev A.A., Kabanov A.S., Bauer T.V., Bulichev L.E., Pyankov S.A. // Viruses. 2020. V. 12. № 8. Р. 795.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Belyakov I.M., Earl P., Dzutsev A., Kuznetsov V.A., Lemon M., Wyatt L.S., Snyder J.T., Ahlers J.D., Franchini G., Moss B., et al. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2003. V. 100. P. 9458–9463.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Lambert P.H., Laurent P.E. // Vaccine. 2008. V. 26. P. 3197–3208.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
