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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11904</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11904</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Unique Genome of the Virus and Alternative Strategies for its Realization</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Уникальный геном вируса и альтернативные стратегии его реализации</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3192-8405</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhirnov</surname><given-names>Oleg P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жирнов</surname><given-names>Олег Петрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zhirnov@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The N.F. Gamaleya Research Center of epidemiology and microbiology, The D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский центр эпидемиологии и микробиологии имени почетного академика Н.Ф. Гамалеи Минздрава России, Институт вирусологии имени Д.И. Ивановского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian-German Academy of medico-social and biotechnological sciences, The Innovation Center of Skolkovo</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Русско-немецкая академия медико-социальных и биотехнологических наук, Инновационный центр Сколково</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-08-03" publication-format="electronic"><day>03</day><month>08</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-12-31"><day>31</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-11"><day>11</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Zhirnov O.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Жирнов О.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhirnov O.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Жирнов О.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11904">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11904</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The genome of some RNA-containing viruses comprises ambipolar genes that are arranged in stacks (one above the other) encoding proteins in opposite directions. Ambipolar genes provide a new approach for developing viral diversity when virions possessing an identical genome may differ in its expression scheme (strategy) and have distinct types of progeny virions varying in the genomic RNA polarity and the composition of proteins expressed by positive- or negative-sense genes, the so-called ambipolar virions. So far, this pathway of viral genome expression remains hypothetical and hidden from us, like the dark side of the Moon, and deserves a detailed study.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В геноме ряда РНК-содержащих вирусов обнаружены амбиполярные гены, локализованные в вирусном геноме по принципу «стекинга» (один над другим) и кодирующие белки в противоположных направлениях. Присутствие амбиполярных генов открывает новый путь формирования вирусного разнообразия, когда вирионы, имеющие идентичный геном, могут отличаться схемой реализации (стратегией) генома и иметь различные типы дочерних вирионов, отличающихся по полярности геномной РНК и составу белков, экспрессированных положительно- или негативно-полярными генами, так называемые амбиполярные вирионы. Пока такой путь реализации вирусного генома остается гипотетическим и скрытым от нас подобно «темной стороне луны» и заслуживает пристального изучения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>virus diversity</kwd><kwd>genome strategy</kwd><kwd>ambisense genes</kwd><kwd>virus classification</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>разнообразие вирусов</kwd><kwd>стратегия генома</kwd><kwd>амбисенс-гены</kwd><kwd>классификация вирусов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanovsky D.I. // Agriculture and Forestry. 1892. № 2. P. 108–121.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивановский Д.И. // Сельское хозяйство и лесоводство. 1892. № 2. C. 108–121.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanowsky D. 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