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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11857</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11857</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Comparison of the Effectiveness of Transepidemal and Intradermal Immunization of Mice with the Vacinia Virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Сравнение эффективности трансэпидермальной и интрадермальной иммунизации мышей вирусом осповакцины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6255-9745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>Sergei N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>Сергей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биологических наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник, отдел геномных исследований</p></bio><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sergeev</surname><given-names>Aleksander A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сергеев</surname><given-names>Александр Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.a.sergeev.1986@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Titova</surname><given-names>Ksenia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Титова</surname><given-names>Ксения Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ksen-tit502@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pyankov</surname><given-names>Stepan A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пьянков</surname><given-names>Степан Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>pyankov_sa@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Starostina</surname><given-names>Ekaterina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старостина</surname><given-names>Екатерина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>starostina_ev@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Borgoyakova</surname><given-names>Maria B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Боргоякова</surname><given-names>Мария Борисовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Borgoyakova_mb@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisakova</surname><given-names>Lubov A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисакова</surname><given-names>Любовь Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>orlova_la@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kisakov</surname><given-names>Denis N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кисаков</surname><given-names>Денис Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>def_2003@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karpenko</surname><given-names>Larisa I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карпенко</surname><given-names>Лариса Ивановна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>lkarpenko@ngs.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yakubitskiy</surname><given-names>Stanislav N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Якубицкий</surname><given-names>Станислав Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>yakubizkiy@vector.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>111</fpage><lpage>118</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-11-10"><day>10</day><month>11</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Shchelkunov S., Sergeev A., Titova K., Pyankov S., Starostina E., Borgoyakova M., Kisakova L., Kisakov D., Karpenko L., Yakubitskiy S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Щелкунов С.Н., Сергеев А.А., Титова К.А., Пьянков С.А., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Кисакова Л.А., Кисаков Д.Н., Карпенко Л.И., Якубицкий С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S., Sergeev A., Titova K., Pyankov S., Starostina E., Borgoyakova M., Kisakova L., Kisakov D., Karpenko L., Yakubitskiy S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелкунов С.Н., Сергеев А.А., Титова К.А., Пьянков С.А., Старостина Е.В., Боргоякова М.Б., Кисакова Л.А., Кисаков Д.Н., Карпенко Л.И., Якубицкий С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11857">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11857</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The spread of the monkeypox virus infection among humans in many countries outside of Africa, which started in 2022, is now drawing the attention of the medical and scientific communities to the fact that immunization against this infection is sorely needed. According to current guidelines, immunization of people with the first-generation smallpox vaccine based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) LIVP strain, which is licensed in Russia, should be performed via transepidermal inoculation (skin scarification, s.s.). However, the long past experience of using this vaccination technique suggests that it does not ensure virus inoculation into patients’ skin with enough reliability. The procedure of intradermal (i.d.) injection of a vaccine can be an alternative to s.s. inoculation. The effectiveness of i.d. vaccination can depend on the virus injection site on the body. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the development of the humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice immunized with the LIVP VACV strain, which was administered either by s.s. inoculation or i.d. injection into the same tail region of the animal. A virus dose of 10<sup>5 </sup>pfu was used in both cases. ELISA of serum samples revealed no significant difference in the dynamics and level of production of VACV-specific IgM and IgG after i.d. or s.s. vaccination. A ELISpot analysis of splenocytes from the vaccinated mice showed that i.d. administration of VACV LIVP to mice induces a significantly greater T-cell immune response compared to s.s. inoculation. In order to assess the protective potency, on day 45 post immunization, mice were intranasally infected with lethal doses of either the cowpox virus (CPXV) or the ectromelia virus (ECTV), which is evolutionarily distant from the VACV and CPXV. Both vaccination techniques ensured complete protection of mice against infection with the CPXV. However, when mice were infected with a highly virulent strain of ECTV, 50% survived in the i.d. immunized group, whereas only 17% survived in the s.s. immunized group. It appears, therefore, that i.d. injection of the VACV can elicit a more potent protective immunity against orthopoxviruses compared to the conventional s.s. technique.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В 2022 году во многих странах за пределами африканского континента начала распространяться инфекция, вызываемая вирусом оспы обезьян, что с новой силой привлекло внимание медиков и ученых к вопросу о необходимости вакцинации против данной инфекции. Вакцинацию имеющейся в России оспенной вакциной первого поколения на основе штамма LIVP вируса осповакцины (VACV) рекомендовано проводить методом трансэпидермальной инокуляции (скарификации кожи, с/к). Однако многолетний опыт показал, что этот метод не обеспечивает высокой надежности введения вируса в кожу пациентов. Альтернативой методу с/к может быть интрадермальная (внутрикожная, в/к) инъекция вакцины. Эффективность в/к вакцинации может зависеть от места инъекции вируса. В данной работе сравнили развитие гуморального и клеточного иммунных ответов на введение штамма LIVP VACV мышам линии BALB/c в один и тот же район хвоста методами в/к или с/к. В обоих случаях использовали дозу вируса, равную 10<sup>5 </sup>БОЕ. Не выявлено статистически значимых различий в динамике и уровне продукции VACV-специфичных IgM и IgG при использовании обоих методов вакцинации. ELISpot-анализ спленоцитов вакцинированных мышей показал, что в/к введение VACV LIVP индуцирует достоверно больший Т-клеточный иммунный ответ, чем с/к инокуляция. Для оценки протективности на 45 день после иммунизации мышей интраназально инфицировали высоколетальными дозами вируса оспы коров (CPXV) или эволюционно далеко отстоящим от VACV и CPXV вирусом эктромелии (ECTV). Оба метода вакцинации обеспечивали полную защиту мышей от заражения CPXV, но в группе в/к иммунизированных мышей, инфицированных ECTV, выжило 50% мышей, а в группе с/к иммунизированных – 17%. Таким образом, в/к инъекция VACV может обеспечивать более надежную иммунную защиту от ортопоксвирусных инфекций по сравнению с классической с/к техникой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>orthopoxviruses</kwd><kwd>vaccinia virus</kwd><kwd>skin scarification</kwd><kwd>intradermal injection</kwd><kwd>antibodies</kwd><kwd>T cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ортопоксвирусы</kwd><kwd>вирус осповакцины</kwd><kwd>скарификация кожи</kwd><kwd>внутрикожная инъекция</kwd><kwd>антитела</kwd><kwd>Т-клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-14-00006-П</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kim Y.C., Jarrahian C., Zehrung D., Mitragotri S., Prausnitz M.R. // Curr. 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