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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11822</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11822</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">DNA Methylation: Genomewide Distribution, Regulatory Mechanism and Therapy Target</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метилирование ДНК: распределение в геноме, механизм регуляции и мишень для терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaplun</surname><given-names>Daria S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каплун</surname><given-names>Дарья Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kaplun.dascha@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaluzhny</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калюжный</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>uzhny@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhortchouk</surname><given-names>Egor B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохорчук</surname><given-names>Егор Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokhortchouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhenilo</surname><given-names>Svetlana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Женило</surname><given-names>Светлана Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zhenilo@biengi.ac.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФИЦ Биотехнологии РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии гена РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>19</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2022-10-07"><day>07</day><month>10</month><year>2022</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2022-12-01"><day>01</day><month>12</month><year>2022</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Kaplun D.S., Kaluzhny D.N., Prokhortchouk E.B., Zhenilo S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Каплун Д.С., Калюжный Д.Н., Прохорчук Е.Б., Женило С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kaplun D.S., Kaluzhny D.N., Prokhortchouk E.B., Zhenilo S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Каплун Д.С., Калюжный Д.Н., Прохорчук Е.Б., Женило С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11822">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11822</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>DNA methylation is the most important epigenetic modification involved in the regulation of transcription, imprinting, establishment of X-inactivation, and the formation of a chromatin structure. DNA methylation in the genome is often associated with transcriptional repression and the formation of closed heterochromatin. However, the results of genome-wide studies of the DNA methylation pattern and transcriptional activity of genes have nudged us toward reconsidering this paradigm, since the promoters of many genes remain active despite their methylation. The differences in the DNA methylation distribution in normal and pathological conditions allow us to consider methylation as a diagnostic marker or a therapy target. In this regard, the need to investigate the factors affecting DNA methylation and those involved in its interpretation becomes pressing. Recently, a large number of protein factors have been uncovered, whose ability to bind to DNA depends on their methylation. Many of these proteins act not only as transcriptional activators or repressors, but also affect the level of DNA methylation. These factors are considered potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of diseases resulting from either a change in DNA methylation or a change in the interpretation of its methylation level. In addition to protein factors, a secondary DNA structure can also affect its methylation and can be considered as a therapy target. In this review, the latest research into the DNA methylation landscape in the genome has been summarized to discuss why some DNA regions avoid methylation and what factors can affect its level or interpretation and, therefore, can be considered a therapy target.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Метилирование – важнейшая эпигенетическая модификация ДНК, участвующая в регуляции транскрипции, импринтинге, установлении Х-инактивации, формировании структуры хроматина. Метилирование ДНК в геноме чаще всего ассоциировано с подавлением транскрипции и с формированием закрытого гетерохроматина. Однако результаты полногеномных исследований профиля метилирования ДНК, транскрипционной активности генов заставили пересмотреть эту парадигму. Промоторы многих генов остаются активными, несмотря на их метилирование. Отличия в распределении метилирования ДНК в норме и патологии позволяют рассматривать метилирование в качестве диагностического маркера или терапевтической мишени. Все это повышает интерес к изучению факторов, влияющих на метилирование ДНК и участвующих в его интерпретации. За последнее время найдено большое количество белковых факторов, способность которых связываться с ДНК зависит от метилирования. Многие из этих белков выступают не только как активаторы или репрессоры транскрипции, но и влияют на уровень метилирования ДНК. Эти факторы рассматриваются как потенциальные терапевтические мишени при заболеваниях, в основе которых лежат или изменение метилирования ДНК, или изменение активности белков, связывающихся с метилированной ДНК. Помимо белковых факторов, на метилирование ДНК может влиять вторичная структура ДНК, которая также служит терапевтической мишенью. В представленном обзоре обобщены результаты последних исследований профиля метилирования геномной ДНК, обсуждаются причины избегания метилирования некоторыми участками ДНК, а также факторы, способные влиять на уровень метилирования ДНК и использоваться в качестве мишени для терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>DNA methylation</kwd><kwd>DNA methyltransferases</kwd><kwd>G-quadruplexes</kwd><kwd>TET dioxydenases</kwd><kwd>methyl-DNA binding proteins</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метилирование ДНК</kwd><kwd>транскрипционный фактор</kwd><kwd>ДНК-метилтрансферазы</kwd><kwd>G-квадруплексы</kwd><kwd>TET-диоксигеназы</kwd><kwd>метил-ДНК-связывающие белки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-29-04139</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Scientific Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-74-30026</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Lister R., Mukamel E.A., Nery J.R., Urich M., Puddifoot C.A., Johnson N.D., Lucero J., Huang Y., Dwork A.J., Schultz M.D., et al.// Science. 2013. 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