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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11506</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11506</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Extracellular Vesicles from Mycoplasmas Can Penetrate Eukaryotic Cells <italic>In Vitro</italic> and Modulate the Cellular Proteome</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Внеклеточные везикулы микоплазм способны проникать в клетки эукариот <italic>in vitro</italic> и модулировать их протеом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8651-0770</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mouzykantov</surname><given-names>Alexey A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Музыкантов</surname><given-names>Алексей А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>muzaleksei@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rozhina</surname><given-names>Elvira V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рожина</surname><given-names>Эльвира В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elf_vei@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fakhrullin</surname><given-names>Rawil F.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фахруллин</surname><given-names>Равиль Ф.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kazanbio@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gomzikova</surname><given-names>Marina O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гомзикова</surname><given-names>Марина О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>marina.gomzikova.gmo@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zolotykh</surname><given-names>Maria A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Золотых</surname><given-names>Мария А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maria.a.zolotykh@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernova</surname><given-names>Olga A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернова</surname><given-names>Ольга А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>ol.chernova2010@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernov</surname><given-names>Vladislav M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чернов</surname><given-names>Владислав М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>chernov@kibb.knc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский институт биохимии и биофизики – обособленное структурное подразделение ФГБУН Федеральный исследовательский центр «Казанский научный центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>82</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-07-07"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Mouzykantov A.A., Rozhina E.V., Fakhrullin R.F., Gomzikova M.O., Zolotykh M.A., Chernova O.A., Chernov V.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Музыкантов А.А., Рожина Э.В., Фахруллин Р.Ф., Гомзикова М.О., Золотых М.А., Чернова О.А., Чернов В.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mouzykantov A.A., Rozhina E.V., Fakhrullin R.F., Gomzikova M.O., Zolotykh M.A., Chernova O.A., Chernov V.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Музыкантов А.А., Рожина Э.В., Фахруллин Р.Ф., Гомзикова М.О., Золотых М.А., Чернова О.А., Чернов В.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11506">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11506</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by bacteria transport a wide range of compounds, including proteins, DNA and RNA, mediate intercellular interactions, and may be important participants in the mechanisms underlying the persistence of infectious agents. This study focuses on testing the hypothesis that the EVs of mycoplasmas, the smallest prokaryotes capable of independent reproduction, combined in the class referred to as Mollicutes, can penetrate into eukaryotic cells and modulate their immunoreactivity. To verify this hypothesis, for the first time, studies of in vitro interaction between human skin fibroblasts and vesicles isolated from Acholeplasma laidlawii (the ubiquitous mycoplasma that infects higher eukaryotes and is the main contaminant of cell cultures and vaccines) were conducted using confocal laser scanning microscopy and proteome profiling, employing a combination of 2D-DIGE and MALDI-TOF/TOF, the Mascot mass-spectrum analysis software and the DAVID functional annotation tool. These studies have revealed for the first time that the extracellular vesicles of A. laidlawii can penetrate into eukaryotic cells in vitro and modulate the expression of cellular proteins. The molecular mechanisms behind the interaction of mycoplasma vesicles with eukaryotic cells and the contribution of the respective nanostructures to the molecular machinery of cellular permissiveness still remain to be elucidated. The study of these aspects is relevant both for fundamental research into the “logic of life” of the simplest prokaryotes, and the practical development of efficient control over hypermutable bacteria infecting humans, animals and plants, as well as contaminating cell cultures and vaccines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Внеклеточные везикулы (ВВ), продуцируемые бактериями, транспортируют соединения широкого спектра, включая белки, ДНК и РНК, опосредуют межклеточные взаимодействия и могут быть важными участниками механизмов персистенции инфекционных агентов. Исследование посвящено проверке предположения, что ВВ микоплазм, мельчайших из способных к самостоятельному воспроизведению прокариот, объединенных в класс Mollicutes, могут проникать в клетки эукариот и модулировать их иммунореактивность. Эту гипотезу проверяли на системе, моделирующей взаимодействие культивируемых in vitro фибробластов кожи человека и изолированных везикул Acholeplasma laidlawii – убиквитарной микоплазмы, – инфицирующей высших эукариот и являющейся основным контаминантом клеточных культур и вакцинных препаратов. Использовали конфокальную лазерную сканирующую микроскопию и протеомное профилирование с применением комбинации 2D-DIGE и MALDI-TOF/TOF, программы анализа масс-спектров Mascot и инструмент функциональной аннотации DAVID. В результате этих исследований впервые установлено, что ВВ A. laidlawii способны проникать в эукариотические клетки in vitro и модулировать клеточный протеом. Молекулярные механизмы взаимодействия везикул микоплазмы с клетками эукариот и вклад соответствующих наноструктур в молекулярную машинерию клеточной пермиссивности еще предстоит выяснить. Изучение этих аспектов актуально как для фундаментальных исследований логики жизни простейших прокариот, так и практических разработок эффективного контроля гипермутабильных бактерий, инфицирующих человека, животных и растения, контаминирующих клеточные культуры и вакцинные препараты.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mycoplasma</kwd><kwd>vesicles</kwd><kwd>internalization</kwd><kwd>human fibroblasts</kwd><kwd>proteome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>микоплазмы</kwd><kwd>везикулы</kwd><kwd>интернализация</kwd><kwd>фибробласты человека</kwd><kwd>протеом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственное задание ФИЦ Казанского научного центра РАН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">State Assignment of the Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center” of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии РАН</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Browning G., Citti C. 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