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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11415</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11415</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular Tools for Targeted Control of Nerve Cell Electrical Activity. Part II</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярные инструменты направленного контроля электрической активности нервных клеток. Часть II</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0109-9271</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolesov</surname><given-names>Danila V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колесов</surname><given-names>Данила Вадимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kolesov14@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolinskaya</surname><given-names>Elena L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколинская</surname><given-names>Елена Леонидовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>elena.sokolinskaya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Lukyanov</surname><given-names>Konstantin A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лукьянов</surname><given-names>Константин Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>kluk@ibch.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5346-789X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogdanov</surname><given-names>Alexey M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богданов</surname><given-names>Алексей Михайлович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>noobissat@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>32</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-04-13"><day>13</day><month>04</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Kolesov D.V., Sokolinskaya E.L., Lukyanov K.A., Bogdanov A.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Колесов Д.В., Соколинская Е.Л., Лукьянов К.А., Богданов А.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolesov D.V., Sokolinskaya E.L., Lukyanov K.A., Bogdanov A.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колесов Д.В., Соколинская Е.Л., Лукьянов К.А., Богданов А.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11415">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11415</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In modern life sciences, the issue of a specific, exogenously directed manipulation of a cell’s biochemistry is a highly topical one. In the case of electrically excitable cells, the aim of the manipulation is to control the cells’ electrical activity, with the result being either excitation with subsequent generation of an action potential or inhibition and suppression of the excitatory currents. The techniques of electrical activity stimulation are of particular significance in tackling the most challenging basic problem: figuring out how the nervous system of higher multicellular organisms functions. At this juncture, when neuroscience is gradually abandoning the reductionist approach in favor of the direct investigation of complex neuronal systems, minimally invasive methods for brain tissue stimulation are becoming the basic element in the toolbox of those involved in the field. In this review, we describe three approaches that are based on the delivery of exogenous, genetically encoded molecules sensitive to external stimuli into the nervous tissue. These approaches include optogenetics (overviewed in Part I), as well as chemogenetics and thermogenetics (described here, in Part II), which is significantly different not only in the nature of the stimuli and structure of the appropriate effector proteins, but also in the details of experimental applications. The latter circumstance is an indication that these are rather complementary than competing techniques.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проблема специфического воздействия на биохимические процессы в клетке актуальна для современной биологической науки. В случае электровозбудимых клеток конечной целью такого воздействия является управление электрической активностью: возбуждение с последующей генерацией потенциала действия или торможение с угнетением волны возбуждения. Особую значимость технологии управления активностью электровозбудимых клеток приобретают в контексте решения крупнейшей фундаментальной задачи – изучения функционирования нервной системы высших многоклеточных организмов. В настоящее время, когда нейробиология отказывается от редукционистского подхода в пользу прямого изучения сложных нейрональных систем, основой технического арсенала этой науки становятся малоинвазивные методы стимуляции активности мозговых структур. В настоящем обзоре рассмотрены три группы подходов, основанных на доставке в нервную ткань генетически кодируемых молекул, чувствительных к внешним стимулам. Эти подходы – оптогенетика (ей посвящена часть I работы), хемогенетика и термогенетика (описаны во II части обзора) – отличаются не только природой стимулов и структурой соответствующих эффекторных белков, но и своеобразием экспериментального применения. Последнее обстоятельство заставляет рассматривать их не как конкурирующие, а, скорее, как взаимодополняющие технологии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>optogenetics</kwd><kwd>chemogenetics</kwd><kwd>thermogenetics</kwd><kwd>action potential</kwd><kwd>membrane voltage</kwd><kwd>neurointerface</kwd><kwd>ion channels</kwd><kwd>channelrhodopsin</kwd><kwd>chemoreceptors</kwd><kwd>GPCR</kwd><kwd>neural activity stimulation</kwd><kwd>neural excitation</kwd><kwd>neural inhibition</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оптогенетика</kwd><kwd>хемогенетика</kwd><kwd>термогенетика</kwd><kwd>потенциал действия</kwd><kwd>мембранный потенциал</kwd><kwd>нейроинтерфейс</kwd><kwd>ионные каналы</kwd><kwd>канальный родопсин</kwd><kwd>хеморецепторы</kwd><kwd>GPCR</kwd><kwd>стимуляция активности нейронов</kwd><kwd>возбуждение нейронов</kwd><kwd>торможение нейронов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский фонд фундаментальных исследований</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Foundation for Basic Research</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-14-50116</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана Российским фондом фундаментальных исследований (РФФИ) в рамках научного проекта № 19-14-50116</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Abram P.K., Boivin G., Moiroux J., Brodeur J. // Biol. 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