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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11063</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11063</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Muscle-Specific Promoters for Gene Therapy</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Мышечно-специфические промоторы для генной терапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7267-7967</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skopenkova</surname><given-names>Victoria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скопенкова</surname><given-names>Виктория Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Младший научный сотрудник лаборатории моделирования и терапии наследственных заболеваний</p></bio><email>v.silina.marlin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Egorova</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егорова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dimitrieva.ta@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bardina</surname><given-names>Maryana V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бардина</surname><given-names>Марьяна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>m.bardina.marlin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии гена РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Marlin Biotech LLC</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ООО «Марлин Биотех»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр высокоточного редактирования и генетических технологий для биомедицины (ЦВРГТБ) ИБГ РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>58</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-06-30"><day>30</day><month>06</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-09-01"><day>01</day><month>09</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Skopenkova V.V., Egorova T.V., Bardina M.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Скопенкова В.В., Егорова Т.В., Бардина М.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Skopenkova V.V., Egorova T.V., Bardina M.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Скопенкова В.В., Егорова Т.В., Бардина М.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11063">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11063</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Many genetic diseases that are responsible for muscular disorders have been described to date. Gene replacement therapy is a state-of-the-art strategy used to treat such diseases. In this approach, the functional copy of a gene is delivered to the affected tissues using viral vectors. There is an urgent need for the design of short, regulatory sequences that would drive a high and robust expression of a therapeutic transgene in skeletal muscles, the diaphragm, and the heart, while exhibiting limited activity in non-target tissues. This review focuses on the development and improvement of muscle-specific promoters based on skeletal muscle α-actin, muscle creatine kinase, and desmin genes, as well as other genes expressed in muscles. The current approaches used to engineer synthetic muscle-specific promoters are described. Other elements of the viral vectors that contribute to tissue-specific expression are also discussed. A special feature of this review is the presence of up-to-date information on the clinical and preclinical trials of gene therapy drug candidates that utilize muscle-specific promoters.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современной стратегией лечения наследственных заболеваний, приводящих к патологии мышц, является заместительная генная терапия, при которой функциональную копию поврежденного гена доставляют в пораженные ткани с помощью вирусных векторов. Для этого необходимы также короткие регуляторные последовательности, которые обеспечивают устойчивую высокую экспрессию терапевтического гена в скелетных мышцах, диафрагме и сердце и имеют ограниченную активность в других тканях. В представленном обзоре рассмотрены этапы создания и совершенствования мышечно-специфических промоторов на основе генов α-скелетного актина, мышечной креатинкиназы, десмина и других генов, экспрессирующихся в мышцах. Описаны современные подходы к созданию синтетических мышечно-специфических промоторов, а также рассмотрены элементы вектора, способные (помимо промотора) влиять на экспрессию терапевтического гена. Приведены результаты клинических и доклинических исследований генотерапевтических препаратов с применением мышечно-специфических промоторов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Gene therapy</kwd><kwd>muscle-specific promoters</kwd><kwd>AAV</kwd><kwd>natural promoters</kwd><kwd>synthetic promoters</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>СЛОВА генная терапия</kwd><kwd>мышечно-специфические промоторы</kwd><kwd>ААВ</kwd><kwd>синтетические промоторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Theadom A., Rodrigues M., Poke G., O’Grady G., Love D., Hammond-Tooke G., Parmar P., Baker R., Feigin V., Jones K., et al. // Neuroepidemiology. 2019. V. 52. № 3–4. 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