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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">11058</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.11058</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Diversity and Functions of Type II Topoisomerases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Разнообразие и функции топоизомераз типа II</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6834-4246</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sutormin</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сутормин</surname><given-names>Дмитрий А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>sutormin94@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Galivondzhyan</surname><given-names>Alina Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Галивонджян</surname><given-names>Алина Х.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>a.galivondzhyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polkhovskiy</surname><given-names>Alexander V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полховский</surname><given-names>Александр В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>polkhovsky.a.w@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kamalyan</surname><given-names>Sofia O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Камалян</surname><given-names>София О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Sofya171@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Severinov</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Северинов</surname><given-names>Константин В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>severik@waksman.rutgers.edu</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dubiley</surname><given-names>Svetlana A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Дубилей</surname><given-names>Светлана А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>stupidrabbit44@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Gene Biology RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт биологии гена РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Life Sciences, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр наук о жизни, Сколковский институт науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Molecular Genetics RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной генетики РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Institute of Gene Biology RAS</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр высокоточного редактирования и генетических технологий для биомедицины, ИБГ РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff6"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Waksman Institute for Microbiology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт микробиологии Ваксмана, Пискатэвей</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>13</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-07-01"><day>01</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-10-09"><day>09</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Sutormin D.A., Galivondzhyan A.K., Polkhovskiy A.V., Kamalyan S.O., Severinov K.V., Dubiley S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Сутормин Д.А., Галивонджян А.Х., Полховский А.В., Камалян С.О., Северинов К.В., Дубилей С.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sutormin D.A., Galivondzhyan A.K., Polkhovskiy A.V., Kamalyan S.O., Severinov K.V., Dubiley S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сутормин Д.А., Галивонджян А.Х., Полховский А.В., Камалян С.О., Северинов К.В., Дубилей С.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11058">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/11058</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The DNA double helix provides a simple and elegant way to store and copy genetic information. However, the processes requiring the DNA helix strands separation, such as transcription and replication, induce a topological side-effect – supercoiling of the molecule. Topoisomerases comprise a specific group of enzymes that disentangle the topological challenges associated with DNA supercoiling. They relax DNA supercoils and resolve catenanes and knots. Here, we review the catalytic cycles, evolution, diversity, and functional roles of type II topoisomerases in organisms from all domains of life, as well as viruses and other mobile genetic elements.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Двойная спираль ДНК является элегантным способом хранения информации с точки зрения механизма копирования и стабильности молекулы. Однако любые процессы матричного синтеза, такие, как транскрипция и репликация, связаны с разъединением цепей ДНК, а потому вызывают побочный топологический эффект – суперспирализацию молекулы. Как следствие, при репликации дочерние молекулы ДНК могут оказаться топологически сцепленными (образуют так называемые катенаны), а также способными образовывать узлы. Разрешением топологических проблем, а именно, релаксацией супервитков ДНК, разъединением катенанов и узлов занимаются специальные ферменты – топоизомеразы. Мы рассмотрим представителей топоизомераз типа II – механизм катализа, эволюцию, разнообразие и роль этих ферментов у организмов всех доменов жизни, в том числе вирусов и мобильных генетических элементов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>topoisomerases</kwd><kwd>supercoiling</kwd><kwd>decatenation</kwd><kwd>transcription</kwd><kwd>replication</kwd><kwd>DNA segregation</kwd><kwd>spatial chromosome organization</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>топоизомеразы</kwd><kwd>суперспирализация</kwd><kwd>декатенация</kwd><kwd>транскрипция</kwd><kwd>репликация</kwd><kwd>сегрегация ДНК</kwd><kwd>пространственная организация хромосом</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Соглашение с Министерством науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 075-15-2019-1661</award-id></award-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">РФФИ в рамках научного проекта</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">RFBR within the framework of a scientific project</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>№ 20-34-90069</award-id></award-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Подготовка обзора поддержана Соглашением с Министерством науки и высшего образования Российский Федерации №075-15-2019-1661, а также грантом РНФ 19-14-00266 С. 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