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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10935</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.10935</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Genes that control vaccinia virus immunogenicity</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гены, влияющие на иммуногенность вируса осповакцины</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>Sergey</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>Сергей</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунова</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Rospotrebnadzor</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>33</fpage><lpage>41</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-04-07"><day>07</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Shchelkunov S., Shchelkunova G.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Щелкунов С., Щелкунова Г.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkunov S., Shchelkunova G.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелкунов С., Щелкунова Г.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10935">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10935</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The live smallpox vaccine was a historical first and highly effective vaccine. However, along with high immunogenicity, the vaccinia virus (VACV) caused serious side effects in vaccinees, sometimes with lethal outcomes. Therefore, after global eradication of smallpox, VACV vaccination was stopped. For this reason, most of the human population worldwide lacks specific immunity against not only smallpox, but also other zoonotic orthopoxviruses. Outbreaks of diseases caused by these viruses have increasingly occurred in humans on different continents. However, use of the classical live VACV vaccine for prevention against these diseases is unacceptable because of potential serious side effects, especially in individuals with suppressed immunity or immunodeficiency (e.g., HIV-infected patients). Therefore, highly attenuated VACV variants that preserve their immunogenicity are needed. This review discusses current ideas about the development of a humoral and cellular immune response to orthopoxvirus infection/vaccination and describes genetic engineering approaches that could be utilized to generate safe and highly immunogenic live VACV vaccines.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Противооспенная живая вакцина – исторически первая и одна из наиболее эффективных вакцин. Однако наряду с высокой иммуногенностью вакциния вирус (VACV) вызывал тяжелые побочные реакции организма вакцинируемых, иногда приводящие к летальному исходу. Поэтому после глобальной ликвидации оспы вакцинация VACV населения была прекращена. Это привело к отсутствию в настоящее время у большей части населения специфического иммунитета не только против оспы, но и против других видов ортопоксвирусов. Поэтому вспышки заболеваний, обусловленных зоонозными ортопоксвирусами, в последние годы все чаще регистрируются у людей на разных континентах. Однако использование классической живой вакцины на основе VACV для защиты от этих инфекций неприемлемо, так как возможно развитие тяжелых побочных реакций, особенно у людей с ослабленной иммунной системой или с иммунодефицитом (в том числе ВИЧ-инфицированных). Поэтому необходимо создавать высокоаттенуированные варианты VACV, но не утратившие при этом свои иммуногенные свойства. В обзоре рассмотрены современные представления о закономерностях развития гуморального и клеточного иммунного ответа на ортопоксвирусную инфекцию/вакцинацию, описаны подходы к получению методами генетической инженерии безопасных и высокоиммуногенных вариантов живых вакцин на основе VACV.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smallpox</kwd><kwd>vaccination</kwd><kwd>immunogenicity</kwd><kwd>protectiveness</kwd><kwd>immune modulating proteins</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вакцинация</kwd><kwd>иммуногенность</kwd><kwd>иммуномодулирующие белки</kwd><kwd>оспа</kwd><kwd>протективность</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский Научный Фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>19-14-00006</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. 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