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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10934</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/actanaturae.10934</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Spinal cord microglia in health and disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Микроглия спинного мозга в норме и при патологии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolos</surname><given-names>Elena</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колос</surname><given-names>Елена</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>dek2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korzhevsky</surname><given-names>Dmitry</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коржевский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., профессор РАН, заведующий лабораторией функциональной морфологии центральной и периферической нервной системы</p></bio><email>dek2@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экспериментальной медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-04-16" publication-format="electronic"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>12</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>17</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-03-30"><day>30</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Kolos E., Korzhevsky D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Колос Е., Коржевский Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kolos E., Korzhevsky D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Колос Е., Коржевский Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10934">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10934</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review summarizes data of recent experimental studies on spinal microglia, the least explored cells of the spinal cord. It focuses on the origin and function of microglia in mammalian spinal cord embryogenesis. The main approaches to the classification of microgliocytes based on their structure, function, and immunophenotypic characteristics are analyzed. We discuss the results of studies conducted on experimental models of spinal cord diseases such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, systemic inflammation, and some others, with special emphasis on the key role of microglia in the pathogenesis of these diseases. The review highlights the need to detect the new microglia-specific marker proteins expressed at all stages of ontogeny. New sensitive and selective microglial markers are necessary in order to improve identification of spinal cord microgliocytes in normal and pathological conditions. Possible morphometric methods to assess the functional activity of microglial cells are presented.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре обобщены результаты экспериментальных исследований последних лет, посвященных наименее изученным клеткам спинного мозга – микроглиоцитам. Приведены современные данные о происхождении и функции микроглии в эмбриогенезе спинного мозга млекопитающих. Проанализированы основные подходы к классификации микроглиоцитов на основании их морфофункциональных и иммунофенотипических особенностей. Обобщены результаты исследований, проведенных на экспериментальных моделях таких заболеваний спинного мозга, как рассеянный склероз, боковой амиотрофический склероз, системное воспаление и др. Подчеркнута ключевая роль микроглии в патогенезе этих заболеваний. Отмечена необходимость идентификации специфических для клеток микроглии белков, экспрессирующихся на всех этапах онтогенеза, а также необходимость совершенствования иммуногистохимических и генетических методов выявления микроглиоцитов спинного мозга в норме и патологии. Представлены возможные способы морфометрии, применяемые для оценки функциональной активности микроглиальных клеток.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>CNS – central nervous system</kwd><kwd>SС – spinal cord</kwd><kwd>DRG – dorsal root ganglion</kwd><kwd>SCI – spinal cord injury</kwd><kwd>GABA – gamma-aminobutyric acid</kwd><kwd>ALS – amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</kwd><kwd>LPS – lipopolysaccharide</kwd><kwd>MS – multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>BBB – blood–brain barrier</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>спинной мозг</kwd><kwd>микроглия</kwd><kwd>эмбриогенез</kwd><kwd>иммуногистохимия</kwd><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>боковой амиотрофический склероз</kwd><kwd>старение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Del Río-Hortega P. // Bol. Soc. Esp. Biol. 1919. V. 9. 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