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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10866</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2019-11-4-13-21</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Double-Stranded RNAs in Plant Protection Against Pathogenic Organisms and Viruses in Agriculture</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Двуспиральные РНК как средство защиты растений от патогенных организмов и вирусов культивируемых растений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morozov</surname><given-names>S. Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозов</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>morozov@genebee.msu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Solovyev</surname><given-names>A. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соловьев</surname><given-names>А. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>morozov@genebee.msu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>N. O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Н. О.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>morozov@genebee.msu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Taliansky</surname><given-names>M. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тальянский</surname><given-names>М. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="PK">Pakistan</country></address><email>morozov@genebee.msu.su</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff6"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International Laboratory «Resistom», The Skolkovo Innovation Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международная лаборатория «Резистом», Инновационный центр Сколково</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ физико-химической биологии им. А.Н. Белозерского, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международная лаборатория «Резистом», Инновационный центр Сколково</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">НИИ физико-химической биологии им. А.Н. Белозерского, Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">International Laboratory «Resistom», The Skolkovo Innovation Center</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Международная лаборатория «Резистом», Инновационный центр Сколково</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff6"><institution>Институт биоорганической химии им. академиков М.М. Шемякина и Ю.А. Овчинникова РАН</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 11, NO4 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 11, №4 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>13</fpage><lpage>21</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-28"><day>28</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Morozov S.Y., Solovyev A.G., Kalinina N.O., Taliansky M.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Морозов С.Ю., Соловьев А.Г., Калинина Н.О., Тальянский М.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Morozov S.Y., Solovyev A.G., Kalinina N.O., Taliansky M.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Морозов С.Ю., Соловьев А.Г., Калинина Н.О., Тальянский М.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10866">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10866</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Recent studies have shown that plants are able to express the artificial genes responsible for the synthesis of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) and hairpin double-stranded RNAs (hpRNAs), as well as uptake and process exogenous dsRNAs and hpRNAs to suppress the gene expression of plant pathogenic viruses, fungi, or insects. Both endogenous and exogenous dsRNAs are processed into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that can spread locally and systemically through the plant, enter pathogenic microorganisms, and induce RNA interference-mediated pathogen resistance in plants. There are numerous examples of the development of new biotechnological approaches to plant protection using transgenic plants and exogenous dsRNAs. This review summarizes new data on the use of transgenes and exogenous dsRNAs for the suppression of fungal and insect virulence genes, as well as viruses to increase the resistance of plants to these pathogens. We also analyzed the current ideas about the mechanisms of dsRNA processing and transport in plants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Недавние исследования показали, что растения способны успешно экспрессировать искусственные гены, ответственные за синтез двуспиральных РНК (дсрнк) и шпилечных двуспиральных РНК (hpРНК), а также поглощать и процессировать экзогенные дсрнк и hpРНК, чтобы подавить экспрессию генов жизнеобеспечения и вирулентности патогенных вирусов растений, грибов или насекомых. Как эндогенные, так и экзогенные дсРНК процессируются в малые интерферирующие РНК, которые распространяются по растению локально и системно, попадают в патогенные микроорганизмы и индуцируют устойчивость растений к патогенам, опосредованную РНК-интерференцией. Описаны многочисленные примеры разработки новых биотехнологических подходов к защите растений c использованием трансгенных растений и экзогенных дсрнк. В обзоре обобщены результаты применения трансгенов и экзогенных дсРНК для подавления генов вирулентности грибов и насекомых, а также вирусов, и повышения резистентности растений к этим патогенам. Проанализированы современные представления о механизмах процессинга дсРНК и их транспорта в растениях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>RNA interference</kwd><kwd>double-stranded RNA</kwd><kwd>hairpin RNA</kwd><kwd>transgenic plants</kwd><kwd>exogenous dsRNA</kwd><kwd>regulation of pathogen genes</kwd><kwd>plant resistance</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двуспиральные РНК</kwd><kwd>РНК-интерференция</kwd><kwd>регуляция генов патогенов</kwd><kwd>трансгенные растения</kwd><kwd>устойчивость растений</kwd><kwd>шпилечные РНК</kwd><kwd>экзогенные дсРНК</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This review was prepared as part of the LLC ML Resistom project funded in accordance with the Agreement on provision of the Skolkovo Foundation grant No. G18/19 of 26.04.2019.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Настоящий обзор подготовлен в рамках проекта ООО «МЛ «Резистом», финансируемого в соответствии с Соглашением о предоставлении гранта Фонда «Сколково» № Г18/19 от 26.04.19.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Baulcombe D. // Nature. 2004. 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