<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10837</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2019-11-2-17-27</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Molecular Biomarkers of Brain and Spinal Cord Astrocytomas</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Молекулярные биомаркеры астроцитом головного и спинного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>N. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>Н. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.timonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asyutin</surname><given-names>D. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асютин</surname><given-names>Д. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.timonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shayhaev</surname><given-names>E. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шайхаев</surname><given-names>Е. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.timonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaprovoy</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Капровой</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.timonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timonin</surname><given-names>S. Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимонин</surname><given-names>С. Ю.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>md.timonin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Medical Research Center of Neurosurgery, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation Acad.</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр нейрохирургии Минздрава России им. акад. Н.Н. Бурденко</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Research Center for X-ray Radiology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр рентгенорадиологии Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 11, NO2 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 11, №2 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>17</fpage><lpage>27</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-21"><day>21</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Konovalov N.A., Asyutin D.S., Shayhaev E.G., Kaprovoy S.V., Timonin S.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Коновалов Н.А., Асютин Д.С., Шайхаев Е.Г., Капровой С.В., Тимонин С.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Konovalov N.A., Asyutin D.S., Shayhaev E.G., Kaprovoy S.V., Timonin S.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Коновалов Н.А., Асютин Д.С., Шайхаев Е.Г., Капровой С.В., Тимонин С.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10837">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10837</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Spinal cord astrocytomas are rare diseases of the central nervous system. The localization of these tumors and their infiltrative growth complicate their surgical resection, increase the risk of postoperative complications, and require more careful use of radio- and chemotherapy. The information on the genetic mutations associated with the onset and development of astrocytomas provides a more accurate neoplasm diagnosis and classification. In some cases, it also allows one to determine the optimal methods for treating the neoplasm, as well as to predict the treatment outcomes and the risks of relapse. To date, a number of molecular markers that are associated with brain astrocytomas and possess prognostic value have been identified and described. Due to the significantly lower incidence of spinal cord astrocytomas, the data on similar markers are much more sparse and are presented with a lesser degree of systematization. However, due to the retrospective studies of clinical material that have been actively conducted abroad in recent years, the formation of statistically significant genetic landscapes for various types of tumors, including intradural spinal cord tumors, has begun. In this regard, the purpose of this review is to analyze and systematize the information on the most significant genetic mutations associated with various types of astrocytomas, as well as discuss the prospects for using the corresponding molecular markers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Астроцитомы спинного мозга относятся к редким заболеваниям центральной нервной системы. Локализация этих опухолей и их инфильтративный характер осложняет хирургическую резекцию и повышает риск послеоперационных осложнений, а также требует более осторожного применения радио- и химиотерапии. Знание генетических мутаций, связанных с возникновением и развитием астроцитомы, обеспечивает более точную диагностику и классификацию новообразования и в ряде случаев позволяет определить оптимальные методы терапии, а также прогнозировать исход лечения и риски рецидивов. К настоящему времени выявлен и описан ряд молекулярных маркеров, ассоциированных с астроцитомами головного мозга и обладающих прогностическим значением. Астроцитомы спинного мозга встречаются существенно реже, поэтому данные об аналогичных маркерах этих астроцитом присутствуют в гораздо меньшем объеме и с меньшей степенью систематизации. Однако благодаря активно проводимым за рубежом ретроспективным исследованиям клинического материала началось формирование статистически значимых генетических ландшафтов опухолей различного типа, включая и интрадуральные опухоли спинного мозга. В связи с этим целью настоящего обзора стал анализ и систематизация информации о наиболее значимых генетических мутациях, ассоциированных с различными типами астроцитом, а также обсуждение перспектив диагностического и прогностического применения соответствующих молекулярных маркеров.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>spinal cord astrocytoma</kwd><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>molecular markers</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>mechanisms of neoplastic transformation</kwd><kwd>prognostic value</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>астроцитома спинного мозга</kwd><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>молекулярные маркеры</kwd><kwd>механизмы возникновения новообразований</kwd><kwd>прогностическое значение</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by RFBR (project № 18-29-01042).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке РФФИ (номер проекта 18-29-01042)</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Samartzis D., Gillis C.C., Shih P., O’Toole J.E., Fessler R.G. // Global Spine J. 2015, V.5, №5, P.425-435</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Kaprealian T., Chang E., Brown P., Lo S., Sahgal A., Suh J. Astrocytic Tumors of the Spinal Cord. // Adult CNS Radiation Oncology. Principles and Practice 2018, P.129-145</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>[3] Zadnik P.L., Gokaslan Z.L., Burger P.C., Bettegowda C. // Nat. Rev. Neurol. 2013, V.9, №5, P.257-266</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>[4] Mechtler L.L., Nandigam K. // Neurol. Clin. 2013, V.31, P.241-268</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>[5] Chamberlain M.C., Tredway T.L. // Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2011, V.11, P.320-328</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>[6] Duong L.M., McCarthy B.J., McLendon R.E., Dolecek T.A., Kruchko C., Douglas L.L., Ajani U.A. // Cancer. 2012, V.118, P.4220-4227</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>[7] Lonser R.R., Weil R.J., Wanebo J.E., DeVroom H.L., Oldfield E.H. // J. Neurosurg. 2003, V.98, P.106-116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>[8] Chamberlain M.C., Tredway T.L. // Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2011, V.11, P.320-328</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>[9] Louis D.N., Ohgaki H., Wiestler O.D., Cavenee W.K., Burger P.C., Jouvet A., Scheithauer B.W., Kleihues P. // Acta Neuropathol. 2007, V.114, P.97-109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>[10] Teng Y.D., Abd-El-Barr M., Wang L., Hajiali H., Wu L., Zafonte R.D. // Exp. Neurol. 2019, V.311, P.135-147</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>[11] Collins V.P., Jones D.T., Giannini C. // Acta Neuropathol. 2015, V.129, №6, P.775-788</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>[12] Smith J.S., Jenkins R.B. // Front. Biosci. 2000, V.5, P.213-231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>[13] Raco A., Esposito V., Lenzi J., Piccirilli M., Delfini R., Cantore G:. // Neurosurgery. 2005, V.56, P.972-981</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>[14] Abd-El-Barr M.M., Huang K.T., Moses Z.B., Iorgulescu J.B., Chi J.H. // Neuro-Oncol. 2018, V.20, №6, P.729-742</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>[15] Karsy M., Neil J.A., Guan J., Mark M.A., Colman H., Jensen R.L. // Neurosurg. Focus. 2015, V.38, №3, E4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>[16] Harrop J.S., Ganju A., Groff M., Bilsky M. // Spine. 2009, V.34, S1, P.69-77</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>[17] Oghaki H., Kleihues P. // J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2005, V.64, №6, P.479-489</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>[18] Oghaki H. // Neuropathol. 2005, V.25, №1, P.1-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>[19] Kanu O.O., Hughes B., Di C., Lin N., Fu J., Bigner D.D., Yan H., Adamson C. // Clin. Med. Oncol. 2009, V.3, P.39-52</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>[20] Jones T.S., Holland E.C. // Toxicol. Pathol. 2011, V.39, №1, P.158-166</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>[21] Penman C.L., Faulkner C., Lowis S.P., Kurian K.M. // Front. Oncol. 2015, V.5, 54</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>[22] Jacob K., Albrecht S., Sollier C., Faury D., Sader E., Montpetit A., Serre D., Hauser P., Garami M., Bognar L. // Br. J. Cancer. 2009, V.101, №4, P.722-733</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>[23] Jeuken J.W., Wesseling P. // J. Pathol. 2010, V.222, P.324-328</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>[24] Hawkins C., Walker E., Mohamed N., Zhang C., Jacob K., Shirinian M., Alon N., Kahn D., Fried I., Scheinemann K. // Clin. Cancer Res. 2011, V.17, P.4790-4798</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>[25] Ida C.M., Lambert S.R., Rodriguez F.J., Voss J.S., McCann B.E., Seys A.R., Halling K.C., Collins V.P., Giannini C. // J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 2012, V.71, P.631-639</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>[26] Jones D.T., Hutter B., Jager N., Korshunov A., Kool M., Warnatz H.J., Zichner T., Lambert S.R., Ryzhova M., Quang D.A.K. // Nat. Genet. 2013, V.45, P.927-932</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>[27] Jones D.T., Kocialkowski S., Liu L., Pearson D.M., Ichimura K., Collins V.P. // Oncogene. 2009, V.28, P.2119-2123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>[28] Schindler G., Capper D., Meyer J., Janzarik W., Omran H., Herold-Mende C., Schmieder K., Wesseling P., Mawrin C., Hasselblatt M. // Acta Neuropathol. 2011, V.121, №3, P.397-405</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>[29] Badiali M., Gleize V., Paris S., Moi L., Elhouadani S., Arcella A., Morace R., Antonelli M., Buttarelli F.R., Figarella-Branger D. // Brain Pathol. 2012, V.22, P.841-847</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>[30] Huillard E., Hashizume R., Phillips J.J., Griveau A., Ihrie R.A., Aoki Y., Nicolaides T., Perry A., Waldman T., Mc-Mahon M. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2012, V.109, P.8710-8715</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>[31] Horbinski C., Nikiforova M.N., Hagenkord J.M., Hamilton R.L., Pollack I.F. // Neuro-Oncology. 2012, V.14, P.777-789</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>[32] Shankar G.M., Lelic N., Gill C.M., Thorner A.R., van Hummelen P., Wisoff J.H., Loeffler J.S., Brastianos P.K., Shin J.H., Borges L.F. // Acta Neuropathol. 2016, V.131, P.147-150</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>[33] Horbinski C., Hamilton R.L., Nikiforov Y., Pollack I.F. // Acta Neuropathol. 2010, V.119, №5, P.641-649</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>[34] Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network // Nature 2008, V.455, P.1061-1068</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>[35] Parsons D.W., Jones S., Zhang X., Lin J.C.H., Leary R.J., Angenendt P., Mankoo P., Carter H., Siu I.M., Gallia G.L. // Science. 2008, V.321, №5897, P.1807-1812</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>[36] Johnson A., Severson E., Gay L., Vergilio J.A., Elvin J., Suh J., Daniel S., Covert M., Frampton G. M., Hsu S. // Oncologist. 2017, V.22, №12, P.1478-1490</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>[37] Yang H., Ye D., Guan K.L., Xiong Y. // Clin. Cancer Res. 2012, V.18, P.5562-5571</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>[38] Yan H., Parsons D.W., Jin G., McLendon R., Rasheed B.A., Yuan W., Kos I., Batinic-Haberle I., Jones S., Riggins G.J. // N. Engl. J. Med. 2009, V.360, №8, P.765-773</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>[39] Huse J.T., Aldape K.D. // Clin. Cancer Res. 2014, V.20, №22, P.5601-5611</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>[40] Dang L., White D.W., Gross S., Bennett B.D., Bittinger M.A., Driggers E.M., Fantin V.R., Jang H.G., Jin S., Keenan M.C. // Nature 2009, V.462, №7274, P.739-744</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>[41] Noushmehr H., Weisenberger D.J., Diefes K., Phillips H.S., Pujara K., Berman B.P., Pan F., Pelloski C.E., Sulman E.P., Bhat K.P. // Cancer Cell. 2010, V.17, №5, P.510-522</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>[42] Lu C., Ward P.S., Kapoor G.S., Rohle D., Turcan S., Abdel-Wahab O., Edwards C.R., Khanin R., Fiqueroa M.E., Melnick A. // Nature 2012, V.483, №7390, P.474-478</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>[43] Fu Y., Zheng S., Zheng Y., Huang R., An N., Liang A., Hu C. // Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2012, V.44, №5, P.770-775</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>[44] Watanabe T., Nobusawa S., Kleihues P., Ohgaki H. // Am. J. Pathol. 2009, V.174, №4, P.1149-1153</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>[45] Ellezam B., Theeler B.J., Walbert T., Mammoser A.G., Horbinski C., Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K., Perry A., Puduvalli V., Fuller G.N., Bruner J.M. // Acta Neuropathol. 2012, V.124, №3, P.449-451</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>[46] Anderson M.D., Gilbert M.R. // J. Nat. Comp. Canc. Netw. 2014, V.12, №5, P.665-672</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>[47] Jiao Y., Killela P.J., Reitman Z.J., Rasheed A.B., Heaphy C.M., de Wilde R.F., Rodriguez F.G., Rosemberg S., Oba-Shinjo S.M., Nagahashi M.S.K. // Oncotarget. 2012, V.3, P.709-722</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>[48] Karsy M., Guan J., Cohen A.L., Jensen R.L., Colman H. // Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 2017, V.17, 19</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>[49] Kannan K., Inagaki A., Silber J., Gorovets D., Zhang J., Kastenhuber E.R., Hequy A., Petrini J.H., Chan T.A., Huse J.T. // Oncotarget. 2012, V.3, P.1194-1203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>[50] Clynes D., Jelinska C., Xella B., Ayyub H., Scott C., Mitson M., Taylor S., Higgs D.R., Gibbons R.J. // Nat. Commun. 2015, V.6, P.1-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>[51] Clynes D., Gibbons R.J. // Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2013, V.23, P.289-294</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>[52] Schwartzentruber J., Korshunov A., Liu X.Y., Jones D.T.W., Pfaff E., Jacob K., Sturm D., Fontebasso A.M., Quang D.-A.K., Tonjes M. // Nature 2012, V.482, P.226-231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>[53] Rodriguez F.J., Brosnan-Cashman J.A., Allen S.J., Vizcaino M.A., Giannini C., Camelo-Piragua S., Webb M., Matsushita M., Wadhwani N., Tabbarah A. // Brain Path. 2019, V.29, №1, P.126-140</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>[54] Wiestler B., Capper D., Holland-Letz T., Korshunov A., von Deimling A., Pfister S.M., Platten M., Weller M., Wick W. // Acta Neuropathol. 2013, V.126, №3, P.443-451</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>[55] Takai K., Tanaka S., Sota T., Mukasa A., Komori T., Taniguchi M. // World Neurosurg. 2017, V.108, P.991.e13-991.e16</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>[56] Shows J., Marshall C., Perry A., Kleinschmidt-DeMasters B.K. // Brain Pathol. 2016, V.26, №1, P.120-123</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>[57] Nagaishi M., Nobusawa S., Yokoo H., Sugiura Y., Tsuda K., Tanaka Y., Suzuki K., Hyodo A. // Brain Tumor Pathol. 2016, V.33, P.267-269</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>[58] Talbert P.B., Henikoff S. // Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol. 2010, V.11, P.264-275</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>[59] Wu G., Broniscer A., McEachron T.A., Lu C., Paugh B.S., Becksfort J., Qu C., Ding L., Huether R., Parker M. // Nat. Genet. 2012, V.44, P.251-253</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>[60] Caren H., Pollard S.M., Beck S. // Mol. Aspects Med. 2013, V.34, P.849-862</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>[61] Lewis P.W., Muller M.M., Koletsky M.S., Cordero F., Lin S., Banaszynski L.A., Garcia B.A., Muir T.W., Becher O.J., Allis C.D. // Science. 2013, V.340, P.857-861</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>[62] Sturm D., Witt H., Hovestadt V., Khuong-Quang D.A., Jones D.T.W., Konermann C., Pfaff E., Tonjes M., Sill M., Bender S. // Cancer Cell. 2012, V.22, P.425-437</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>[63] Lee J., Solomon D.A., Tihan T. // J. Neurooncol. 2017, V.132, P.1-11</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>[64] Solomon D.A., Wood M.D., Tihan T., Bollen A.W., Gupta N., Phillips J.J., Perry A. // Brain Pathol. 2016, V.26, P.569-580</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>[65] Aihara K., Mukasa A., Gotoh K., Saito K., Nagae G., Tsuji S., Tatsuno K., Yamamoto S., Takayanagi S., Narita Y. // Neuro-Oncol. 2014, V.16, P.140-146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>[66] Feng J., Hao S., Pan C., Wang Y., Wu Z., Zhang J., Yan H., Zhang L., Wan H. // Hum. Pathol. 2015, V.46, P.1626-1632</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>[67] Nguyen A.T., Colin C., Nanni-Metellus I., Padovani L., Maurage C.A., Varlet P., Miguel C., Uro-Coste E., Godfraind C., Lechapt-Zalcman E. // Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 2015, V.41, P.403-408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>[68] Khuong-Quang D.A., Buczkowicz P., Rakopoulos P., Liu X.Y., Fontebasso A.M., Bouffet E., Bartels U., Albrecht S., Schwartzentruber J., Letourneau L. // Acta Neuropathol. 2012, V.124, P.439-447</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>[69] Tanaka S., Otani R., Hongo H., Matsuda H., Ikemura M., Nomura M., Takayanagi S., Nejo T., Takahashi S., Kitagawa Y. // Neuro-Oncol. 2017, V.19, S6, P.vi176</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>[70] Gessi M., Gielen G.H., Dreschmann V., Waha A., Pietsch T. // Acta Neuropathol. 2015, V.130, P.435-437</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>[71] Je E.M., Yoo N.J., Lee S.H. // Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand, 2014, V.122, №1, P.81-82</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>[72] Khani P., Nasri F., Chamani F.K., Saeidi F., Nahand J.S., Tabibkhooei A., Mirzaei H. // J. Neurochem. 2019, V.148, №2, P.188-203</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>[73] Kanu O.O., Hughes B., Di C., Lin N., Fu J., Bigner D.D., Yan H., Adamson C. // Clin. Med. Oncol. 2009, V.3, P.39-52</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>[74] England B., Huang T., Karsy M. // Tumor Biol. 2013, V.34, P.2063-2074</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>[75] Lipp E.S., McLendon R.E. // Semin. Oncol. Nurs. 2018, V.34, №5, P.430-442</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>[76] Govindan A., Chakraborti S., Mahadevan A., Chickabasavaiah Y.T., Santosh V., Shankar S.K. // Brain Tumor Pathol. 2011, V.28, P.297-303</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>[77] Walker C., Baborie A., Crooks D., Wilkins S., Jenkinson M.D. // Br. J. Radiol. 2011, V.84, №S2, P.S90-S106</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>[78] Sami A., Karsy M. // Tumor Biol. 2013, V.34, №4, P.1991-2002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>[79] Groszer M., Erickson R., Scripture-Adams D.D., Lesche R., Trumpp A., Zack J.A., Kornblum H.I., Liu X., Wu H. // Science. 2001, V.294, P.2186-2189</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>[80] Marino S., Krimpenfort P., Leung C., van der Korput H.A., Trapman J., Camenisch I., Berns A., Brandner S. // Development. 2002, V.129, P.3513-3522</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>[81] Ohgaki H., Dessen P., Jourde B., Horstmann S., Nishikawa T., Di Patre P.L., Burkhard C., Schüler D., Probst-Hensch N.M., Maiorka P.C. // Cancer Research 2004, V.64, P.6892-6899</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>[82] Ohgaki H., Kleihues P. // Am. J. Pathol. 2007, V.170, №5, P.1445-1453</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>[83] Smith J.S., Tachibana I., Passe S.M., Huntley B.K., Borell T J., Iturria N., O’Fallon J.R., Schaefer P.L., Scheithauer B.W., James C.D. // J. Nat. Canc. Inst. 2001, V.93, №16, P.1246-1256</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>[84] Wiencke J.K., Zheng S., Jelluma N., Tihan T., Vandenberg S., Tamgüney T., Baumber R., Parsons R., Lamborn K.R., Berger M.S. // Neuro-Oncol. 2007, V.9, P.271-279</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>[85] Ekstrand A., James C., Cavenee W., Seliger B., Pettersson R.F., Collins V.P. // Canc. Res. 1991, V.8, P.2164-2172</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>[86] Janne P.A., Engelman J.A., Johnson B.E. // J. Clin. Oncol. 2005, V.23, P.3227-3234</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>[87] Lee J.C., Vivanco I., Beroukhim R., Huang J.H., Feng W.L., DeBiasi R.M., Yoshimoto K., King J.C., Nghiemphu P., Yuza Y. // PLoS Med. 2006, V.3, e485</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>[88] Katanasaka Y., Kodera Y., Kitamura Y., Morimoto T., Tamura T., Koixumi F. // Mol. Cancer. 2013, V.12, 31</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>[89] Inda M.M., Bonavia R., Mukasa A., Narita Y., Sah D.W., Vandenberg S., Brennan C., Johns T.G., Bachoo R., Hadwiger P. // Genes Dev. 2010, V.24, P.1731-1745</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>[90] McNamara M.G., Sahebjam S., Mason W.P. // Cancers (Basel). 2013, V.5, №3, P.1103-1119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>[91] Rasheed B.K., Wiltshire R.N., Bigner S.H., Bigner D.D. // Curr. Opin. Oncol. 1999, V.11, P.162-167</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>[92] Ryu S.J., Kim J.Y., Kim K.H., Park J.Y., Kuh S.U., Chin D.K., Kim L.S., Chi Y.E., Kim S. H. // Eur. Spine J. 2016, V.25, P.4067-4079</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
