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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10630</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2012-4-2-44-61</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Telomere Lengthening and Other Functions of Telomerase</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Функции теломеразы: удлинение теломер и не только</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsova</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцова</surname><given-names>M. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilkova</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василькова</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Malyavko</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Малявко</surname><given-names>A. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naraikina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарайкина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zvereva</surname><given-names>M. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверева</surname><given-names>M. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dontsova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донцова</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Belozersky Institute of Physicochemical Biology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт физико-химической биологии им. А.Н. Белозерского Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2012-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2012</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 4, NO2 (2012)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 4, №2 (2012)</issue-title><fpage>44</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2012, Rubtsova M.P., Vasilkova D.P., Malyavko A.N., Naraikina Y.V., Zvereva M.I., Dontsova O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2012, Рубцова M.П., Василькова Д.П., Малявко A.Н., Нарайкина Ю.В., Зверева M.И., Донцова O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2012</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rubtsova M.P., Vasilkova D.P., Malyavko A.N., Naraikina Y.V., Zvereva M.I., Dontsova O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рубцова M.П., Василькова Д.П., Малявко A.Н., Нарайкина Ю.В., Зверева M.И., Донцова O.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10630">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10630</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Telomerase is an enzyme that maintains the length of the telomere. The telomere length specifies the number of divisions a cell can undergo before it finally dies (i.e. the proliferative potential of cells). For example, telomerase is activated in embryonic cell lines and the telomere length is maintained at a constant level; therefore, these cells have an unlimited fission potential. Stem cells are characterized by a lower telomerase activity, which enables only partial compensation for the shortening of telomeres. Somatic cells are usually characterized by the absence of telomerase activity. Telomere shortening leads to the attainment of the Hayflick limit, the transition of cells to a state of senescence. The cells subsequently enter a state of crisis, accompanied by massive cell death. The surviving cells become cancer cells, which are capable both of dividing indefinitely and maintaining telomere length (usually with the aid of telomerase). Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase. It consists of two major components: telomerase RNA (TER) and reverse transcriptase (TERT). TER is a non-coding RNA, and it contains the region which serves as a template for telomere synthesis. An increasing number of articles focussing on the alternative functions of telomerase components have recently started appearing. The present review summarizes data on the structure, biogenesis, and functions of telomerase.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>На концах хромосом находятся специальные структуры - теломеры, от длины которых зависит пролиферативный потенциал клетки, или число делений, которые клетка может совершить до своей гибели. Длину теломер поддерживает фермент теломераза. К примеру, в эмбриональных клеточных линиях теломераза активна, и длина теломер в них остается постоянной, т.е. эти клетки обладают неограниченным потенциалом деления. В стволовых клетках активность теломеразы ниже, что позволяет лишь частично компенсировать укорачивание теломер. В соматических клетках активность теломеразы обычно отсутствует. Укорачивание теломер продолжается до тех пор, пока теломера не теряет способность защищать концы хромосомы, тогда клетка достигает предела Хейфлика и переходит в состояние старения, а после этого наступает кризис, сопровождающийся массовой гибелью клеток. Уцелевшие клетки превращаются в иммортальные или в злокачественные (раковые), способные к неограниченному делению и поддержанию длины теломер (как правило, с помощью теломеразы). Теломераза является обратной транскриптазой. Она состоит из двух основных компонентов - теломеразной РНК (TER) и обратной транскриптазы (TERT). TER относится к некодирующим РНК, она содержит участок, служащий матрицей для синтеза теломер. В последнее время появляется все больше работ об альтернативных функциях компонентов теломеразы. В настоящем обзоре суммированы данные о структуре, биогенезе и функциях теломеразы.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>telomerase</kwd><kwd>reverse transcriptase</kwd><kwd>telomeres</kwd><kwd>mitochondria</kwd><kwd>DNA damage</kwd><kwd>gene expression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>теломераза</kwd><kwd>обратная транскриптаза</kwd><kwd>теломеры</kwd><kwd>митохондрия</kwd><kwd>повреждения ДНК</kwd><kwd>экспрессия генов</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was carried out under State contract No. 02.740.11.0706, the Development Program of Moscow State University, NDP 5.13 and with the support of the RFBR (No. 11-04-01233-a and 11-04-12051-ofi-m-2011).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа выполнена в рамках Государственного контракта № 02.740.11.0706, Программы развития МГУ ПНР 5.13 и при поддержке РФФИ (№ 11-04-01233-а и 11-04-12051-офи-м-2011).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Morgan Т.Н. // Science. 1911. 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