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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10594</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2013-5-3-116-125</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Metagenomic Analysis of the Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiome of the Participants of the MARS-500 Experiment, Simulating Long Term Space Flight</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метагеномный анализ динамики изменений состава микробиома кишечника участников эксперимента «МАРС-500», имитирующего длительный космический полет</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mardanov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Марданов</surname><given-names>A. в.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Babykin</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бабыкин</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Beletsky</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белецкий</surname><given-names>A. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoriev</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>A. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zinchenko</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зинченко</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadnikov</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадников</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirpichnikov</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кирпичников</surname><given-names>M. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазур</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedoluzhko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недолужко</surname><given-names>A. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Novikova</surname><given-names>N. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Новикова</surname><given-names>Н. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhortchouk</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохорчук</surname><given-names>Е. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ravin</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Равин</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Skryabin</surname><given-names>K. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Скрябин</surname><given-names>K. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shestakov</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шестаков</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>shestakovgen@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff5"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Центр «Биоинженерия» РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Federation State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS (IBMP)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff5"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В.&#13;
Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2013-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 5, NO3 (2013)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 5, №3 (2013)</issue-title><fpage>116</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2013, Mardanov A.V., Babykin M.M., Beletsky A.V., Grigoriev A.I., Zinchenko V.V., Kadnikov V.V., Kirpichnikov M.P., Mazur A.M., Nedoluzhko A.V., Novikova N.D., Prokhortchouk E.B., Ravin N.V., Skryabin K.G., Shestakov S.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2013, Марданов A.в., Бабыкин M.M., Белецкий A.В., Григорьев A.И., Зинченко В.В., Кадников В.В., Кирпичников M.П., Мазур A.M., Недолужко A.В., Новикова Н.Д., Прохорчук Е.Б., Равин Н.В., Скрябин K.Г., Шестаков С.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mardanov A.V., Babykin M.M., Beletsky A.V., Grigoriev A.I., Zinchenko V.V., Kadnikov V.V., Kirpichnikov M.P., Mazur A.M., Nedoluzhko A.V., Novikova N.D., Prokhortchouk E.B., Ravin N.V., Skryabin K.G., Shestakov S.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Марданов A.в., Бабыкин M.M., Белецкий A.В., Григорьев A.И., Зинченко В.В., Кадников В.В., Кирпичников M.П., Мазур A.M., Недолужко A.В., Новикова Н.Д., Прохорчук Е.Б., Равин Н.В., Скрябин K.Г., Шестаков С.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10594">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10594</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A metagenomic analysis of the dynamic changes of the composition of the intestinal microbiome of five participants of the MARS-500 experiment was performed. DNA samples were isolated from the feces of the participants taken just before the experiment, upon 14, 30, 210, 363 and 510 days of isolation in the experimental module, and two weeks upon completion of the experiment. The taxonomic composition of the microbiome was analyzed by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Both the taxonomic and functional gene content of the microbiome of one participant were analyzed by whole metagenome sequencing using the SOLiD technique. Each participant had a specific microbiome that could be assigned to one of three recognized enterotypes. Two participants had enterotype I microbiomes characterized by the prevalence of Bacteroides, while the microbiomes of two others, assigned to type II, were dominated by Prevotella. One participant had a microbiome of mixed type. It was found that (1) changes in the taxonimic composition of the microbiomes occurred in the course of the experiment, but the enterotypes remained the same; (2) significant changes in the compositions of the microbiomes occurred just 14-30 days after the beginning of the experiment, presumably indicating the influence of stress factors in the first stage of the experiment; (3) a tendency toward a reversion of the microbiomes to their initial composition was observed two weeks after the end of the experiment, but complete recovery was not achieved. The metagenomic analysis of the microbiome of one of the participants showed that in spite of variations in the taxonomic compositions of microbiomes, the “functional” genetic composition was much more stable for most of the functional gene categories. Probably in the course of the experiment the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome was adaptively changed to reflect the individual response to the experimental conditions. A new, balanced taxonomic composition of the microbiome was formed to ensure a stable gene content of the community as a whole without negative consequences for the health of the participants.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Проведен метагеномный анализ динамики изменений состава микробиоты кишечника пяти участников эксперимента «МАРС-500». Анализировали препараты ДНК из проб фекалий, взятых до нача ла эксперимента, через 14, 30, 210, 363, 510 дней пребывания испытателей в изолированном модуле и через 2 недели после выхода из него. Таксономический состав микробиоты определяли по результатам пиросек венирования амплифицированных фрагментов генов 16S рибосомной РНК. У одного участника с помощью полногеномного секвенирования по технологии SOLiD определяли таксономический и функциональный состав микробиоты. Каждый участник имел индивидуальный состав микробиоты, относящийся к одному из трех энтеротипов. Для двух участников характерен энтеротип I с преобладанием Bacteroides, у двух дру гих выявлен энтеротип II с доминированием Prevotella. У одного участника состав микробиоты относится к смешанному типу. Установлено, что (1) в ходе эксперимента таксономический состав микробиоты каждого из участников изменялся, но без смены энтеротипа; (2) изменения в соотношении различных таксонов на блюдались через 14–30 дней, что могло быть следствием влияния стрессовых факторов уже на первом этапе эксперимента; (3) через 2 недели после выхода из модуля отмечена тенденция к восстановлению исходного состава микробиоты, однако полного восстановления не происходило. Метагеномный анализ микробиоты одного из участников показал, что, несмотря на изменения в таксономическом составе, сохранялось постоянство генного состава по большинству функциональных категорий. Предполагается, что в экосистеме кишечника каждого из участников происходила адаптивная перестройка таксономического состава микробиоты, отражающая индивидуальный ответ на воздействия условий эксперимента. При этом формировался новый сбалансированный таксономический состав микробиоты с функциональной компенсацией на уровне поддержания устойчивого генного состава в целостном сообществе без негативных последствий для состоя ния здоровья участников эксперимента.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>metagenomics</kwd><kwd>intestinal microbiota</kwd><kwd>stressful influences</kwd><kwd>enterotypes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метагеномика</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>стрессовые воздействия</kwd><kwd>энтеротипы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Development Program of Lomonosov Moscow State University until 2020.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана программой развития ФГОУ ВПО «Московский государственный университет им. М.В. 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