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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10577</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2013-5-4-77-82</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Research Articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Экспериментальные статьи</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Depolarization-Induced Calcium-Independent Synaptic Vesicle Exo- and Endocytosis at Frog Motor Nerve Terminals</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Управляемый деполяризацией кальций-независимый экзо- и эндоцитоз синаптических везикул в двигательном нервном окончании лягушки</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Abdrakhmanov</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Абдрахманов</surname><given-names>М. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>А. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>P. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>П. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zefirov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зефиров</surname><given-names>А. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2013-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2013</year></pub-date><volume>5</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 5, NO4 (2013)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 5, №4 (2013)</issue-title><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>82</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2013, Abdrakhmanov M.M., Petrov A.M., Grigoryev P.N., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2013, Абдрахманов М.М., Петров А.М., Григорьев П.Н., Зефиров А.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2013</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Abdrakhmanov M.M., Petrov A.M., Grigoryev P.N., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Абдрахманов М.М., Петров А.М., Григорьев П.Н., Зефиров А.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10577">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10577</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The transmitter release and synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis induced by constant current depolarization of nerve terminals were studied by microelectode extracellular recording of miniature endplate currents and fluorescent microscopy (FM 1-43 styryl dye). Depolarization of the plasma membrane of nerve terminals in the control specimen was shown to significantly increase the MEPC frequency (quantal transmitter release) and exocytotic rate (FM 1-43 unloading from the synaptic vesicles preliminarily stained with the dye), which was caused by a rise in the intracellular Ca 2+ concentration due to opening of voltage-gated Ca channels. A slight increase in the MEPC frequency and in the rate of synaptic vesicle exocytosis was observed under depolarization in case of blockade of Ca channels and chelating of intracellular Ca 2+ ions (cooperative action of Cd 2+ and EGTA-AM). The processes of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (FM 1-43 loading) were proportional to the number of synaptic vesicles that had undergone exocytosis both in the control and in case of cooperative action of Cd 2+ and EGTA-AM. A hypothesis has been put forward that Ca-independent synaptic vesicle exo- and endocytosis that can be induced directly by depolarization of the membrane exists in the frog motor terminal in addition to the conventional Ca-dependent process.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В экспериментах на кожно-грудинной мышце лягушки с использованием внеклеточного микроэлектродного отведения миниатюрных токов концевой пластинки (МТКП) и флуоресцентной микроскопии (краситель FM1-43) исследовали влияние деполяризации постоянным током мембраны нервных окончаний на секрецию медиатора и процессы экзо- и эндоцитоза синаптических везикул. Показано, что в контроле деполяризация мембраны нервного окончания вызывает выраженное повышение частоты МТКП (секреции квантов медиатора) и экзоцитоза (выгрузка FM1-43 из предварительно загруженных красителем синаптических везикул), которое связано с увеличением внутриклеточной концентрации Са2+ при открытии потенциал-зависимых Са-каналов. При блокировании Са-каналов и связывании внутриклеточных ионов Са2+ (совместное действие ионов Cd2+ и EGТА-АМ) деполяризующий ток слабо увеличивал частоту МТКП и экзоцитоз везикул. Процессы эндоцитоза (загрузка FM1-43 во вновь образующиеся синаптические везикулы) как в контроле, так и при совместном действии ионов Cd2+ и EGТА-АМ протекали пропорционально количеству синаптических везикул, подвергнувшихся экзоцитозу. Высказано предположение, что в двигательном нервном окончании лягушки кроме Са-зависимого экзо- и эндоцитоза синаптических везикул существует Са-независимый экзо- и эндоцитоз, который может активироваться непосредственно деполяризацией мембраны.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>motor nerve terminals</kwd><kwd>exocytosis</kwd><kwd>endocytosis</kwd><kwd>calcium</kwd><kwd>constant depolarization current</kwd><kwd>cadmium</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>двигательное нервное окончание</kwd><kwd>экзоцитоз</kwd><kwd>эндоцитоз</kwd><kwd>кальций</kwd><kwd>постоянный деполяризующий ток</kwd><kwd>кадмий</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grants № 11-04-00568_a, 12- 04-31550_mol_a, №12-04-33195_mol_a_ved), the Ministry of Education of Science of the Russian Federation (NSh-4670.2012.4, MK-108.2013.4) and the State contract of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Federal targetoriented program).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана РФФИ (гранты № 11-04-00568_а, 12-04-31550_мол_а, 12-04-33195_мол_а_вед), Минобрнауки РФ (НШ-4670.2012.4, МК-108.2013.4) и государственным контрактом Минобрнауки РФ (ФЦП).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Zefirov A.L., Petrov A.M. // Synaptic vesicle and mechanism of neurotransmitter realease (exo-endocytosis vesicular cycle). 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