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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10549</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2014-6-1-9-22</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Williams Syndrome As a Model for Elucidation of the Pathway Genes - the Brain - Cognitive Functions: Genetics and Epigenetics</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Синдром Уильямса как модель изучения пути гены-мозг-когнитивные функции: генетика и эпигенетика</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nikitina</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Никитина</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>21074@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedeva</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведева</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>21074@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharov</surname><given-names>G. А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захаров</surname><given-names>Г. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>21074@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Savvateeva-Popova</surname><given-names>Е. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Савватеева-Попова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>21074@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии им. И.П. Павлова РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Herzen State Pedagogical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский государственный педагогический университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 6, NO1 (2014)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 6, №1 (2014)</issue-title><fpage>9</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Nikitina Е.А., Medvedeva A.V., Zakharov G.А., Savvateeva-Popova Е.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Никитина Е.А., Медведева А.В., Захаров Г.А., Савватеева-Попова Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nikitina Е.А., Medvedeva A.V., Zakharov G.А., Savvateeva-Popova Е.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Никитина Е.А., Медведева А.В., Захаров Г.А., Савватеева-Попова Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10549">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10549</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Genomic diseases or syndromes with multiple manifestations arise spontaneously and unpredictably as a result of contiguous deletions and duplications generated by unequal recombination in chromosomal regions with a specific architecture. The Williams syndrome is believed to be one of the most attractive models for linking genes, the brain, behavior and cognitive functions. It is a neurogenetic disorder resulting from a 1.5 Mb deletion at 7q11.23 which covers more than 20 genes; the hemizigosity of these genes leads to multiple manifestations, with the behavioral ones comprising three distinct domains: 1) visuo-spatial orientation; 2) verbal and linguistic defect; and 3) hypersocialisation. The shortest observed deletion leads to hemizigosity in only two genes: eln and limk1. Therefore, the first gene is supposed to be responsible for cardiovascular pathology; and the second one, for cognitive pathology. Since cognitive pathology diminishes with a patient’s age, the original idea of the crucial role of genes straightforwardly determining the brain’s morphology and behavior was substituted by ideas of the brain’s plasticity and the necessity of finding epigenetic factors that affect brain development and the functions manifested as behavioral changes. Recently, non-coding microRNAs (miRs) began to be considered as the main players in these epigenetic events. This review tackles the following problems: is it possible to develop relatively simple model systems to analyze the contribution of both a single gene and the consequences of its epigenetic regulation in the formation of the Williams syndrome’s cognitive phenotype? Is it possible to use Drosophila as a simple model system?</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Геномные болезни, или синдромы со множественными проявлениями, возникают спонтанно и не предсказуемо в результате протяженных делеций и дупликаций, генерируемых неравной рекомбинацией в хромосомных районах со специфической архитектурой. Одной из самых привлекательных моделей, позволяющих напрямую связать гены, головной мозг, поведение и когнитивные функции, считается синдром Уильямса. Этот синдром возникает в результате делеции протяженностью 1500 т.п.н. в районе 7q11.23. Эта делеция захватывает более 20 генов, а множественные проявления, обусловленные гемизиготностью этих генов, описываются триадой: 1) дефект зрительно-пространственного ориентирования; 2) вербальнолингвистический дефект; 3) гиперсоциализация. Делеция минимальной протяженности приводит к гемизиготности всего двух генов - eln и limk1, поэтому первый считают ответственным за сердечнососудистую, а второй - за когнитивную патологию. Поскольку когнитивная патология сглаживается с возрастом, изначальная убежденность в исключительной роли генов, напрямую определяющих морфологию мозга и поведение, сменилась представлениями о пластичности мозга и необходимости поиска эпигенетических факторов, влияющих на его развитие и функции, преломляемые в меняющемся поведении. В последние годы в качестве таких факторов рассматривают некодирующие микроРНК (miRs). В этой связи в обзоре рассмотрены следующие вопросы: можно ли создать достаточно простые системы, позволяющие анализировать вклад как отдельного гена, так и последствий его эпигенетической регуляции в становление когнитивного профиля при синдроме Уильямса? Можно ли в этих целях использовать дрозофилу?</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Williams syndrome</kwd><kwd>LIMK1</kwd><kwd>non-coding RNAs</kwd><kwd>Drosophila</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>дрозофила</kwd><kwd>некодирующие РНК</kwd><kwd>синдром Уильямса</kwd><kwd>LIMK1</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant № 12-04-01737-a) and the programs of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences (№ 7 and 30).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана РФФИ (грант № 12-04-01737-а), программами Президиума РАН (№ 7 и 30).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Williams J.C., Barratt-Boyes B.G., Lowe J.B. // Circulation. 1961. V. 24. P. 1311-1318.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. 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