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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10539</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2014-6-2-19-30</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Biotechnological approaches to creation of hypoxia and anoxia tolerant plants</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биотехнологические подходы в создании растений, толерантных к гипоксии и аноксии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vartapetian</surname><given-names>B. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вартапетян</surname><given-names>Б. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisvartapet@ippras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolgikh</surname><given-names>Y. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долгих</surname><given-names>Ю. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisvartapet@ippras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Polyakova</surname><given-names>L. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полякова</surname><given-names>Л. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisvartapet@ippras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chichkova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Чичкова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisvartapet@ippras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vartapetian</surname><given-names>А. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вартапетян</surname><given-names>А. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>borisvartapet@ippras.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт физиологии растений им. К.А. Тимирязева РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт физико-химической биологии им. А.Н. Белозерского Московского государственного университета им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 6, NO2 (2014)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 6, №2 (2014)</issue-title><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>30</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Vartapetian B.B., Dolgikh Y.I., Polyakova L.I., Chichkova N.V., Vartapetian А.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Вартапетян Б.Б., Долгих Ю.И., Полякова Л.И., Чичкова Н.В., Вартапетян А.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Vartapetian B.B., Dolgikh Y.I., Polyakova L.I., Chichkova N.V., Vartapetian А.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вартапетян Б.Б., Долгих Ю.И., Полякова Л.И., Чичкова Н.В., Вартапетян А.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10539">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10539</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The present work provides results of a number of biotechnological studies aimed at creating cell lines and entire plants resistant to anaerobic stress. Developed biotechnological approaches were based on earlier fundamental researches into anaerobic stress in plants, so “Introduction” briefly covers the importance of the problem and focuses on works considering two main strategies of plants adaptation to anaerobic stress. Those are adaptation at molecular level where key factor is anaerobic metabolism of energy (true tolerance) and adaptation of the entire plant via formation of aerenchyma and facilitated transportation of oxygen (apparent tolerance). Thus, sugarcane and wheat cells resistant to anaerobic stress were obtained through consecutive in vitro selection under conditions of anoxia and absence of exogenous carbohydrates. Tolerant wheat cells were used to regenerate entire plants of higher resistance to root anaerobiosis. It has been demonstrated that cells tolerance to anoxia is significantly supported by their ability to utilize exogenous nitrate. Cells tolerance established itself at the genetic level and was inherited by further generations. Apart from that, other successful attempts to increase tolerance of plants to anaerobic stress by means of stimulation of glycolysis and overexpression of genes responsible for cytokinin synthesis and programmed cell death are also discussed. The presented data proved the notion of two main strategies of plants adaptation to anaerobic stress proposed earlier on the base of fundamental studies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Представлены результаты ряда работ, направленных на создание клеточных линий, а также целых растений, устойчивых к анаэробному стрессу. В основу разработанных биотехнологических подходов легли более ранние фундаментальные исследования анаэробного стресса растений, поэтому во «Введении» кратко отмечена актуальность самой проблемы, подчеркнуто значение работ, в которых рассмотрены две главные стратегии адаптации растений к анаэробному стрессу - адаптации на молекулярном уровне, в которой ключевую роль играет анаэробный энергетический метаболизм (истинная толерантность), и адаптации на уровне целого организма растений путем формирования аэренхимы и облегченного транспорта кислорода (кажущаяся толерантность). Так, путем ступенчатой клеточной селекции in vitro, проведенной в условиях аноксии в отсутствие экзогенных углеводов, были выделены толерантные к анаэробному стрессу клетки сахарного тростника и пшеницы. Из толерантных клеток пшеницы были регенерированы целые растения, более устойчивые к корневому анаэробиозу. Показано, что в толерантности клеток к аноксии существенную роль играет способность более активно утилизировать экзогенный нитрат. Толерантность клеток закреплялась на генном уровне и передавалась в ряду поколений. Рассмотрены также другие успешные попытки повысить толерантность растений к анаэробному стрессу путем сверхэкспрессии генов, ответственных за синтез цитокинина и за программированную клеточную смерть, а также благодаря стимуляции гликолиза. Представленные данные подтвердили концепцию о двух главных стратегиях адаптации растений к анаэробному стрессу, выдвинутую ранее на основе фундаментальных исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anaerobic stress</kwd><kwd>growth index</kwd><kwd>in vitro cell selection</kwd><kwd>programmed cell death</kwd><kwd>transgenic plants</kwd><kwd>mitochondrial ultrastructure</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анаэробный стресс</kwd><kwd>индекс роста</kwd><kwd>клеточная селекция in vitro</kwd><kwd>программированная клеточная смерть</kwd><kwd>трансгенные растения</kwd><kwd>ультраструктура митохондрий</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Jackson M.B., Ishizawa K., Ito O. // Ann. Bot. 2009, V.103, P.137-142</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Visser E.J.W., Voesenec L.A.C.J., Vartapetian B.B., Jackson M.B. // Ann. 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