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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10529</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2014-6-3-19-40</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">TALEN and CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Systems: Tools of Discovery</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Системы редактирования геномов TALEN и CRISPR/Cas - инструменты открытий</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemudryi</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немудрый</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valetdinova</surname><given-names>K. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валетдинова</surname><given-names>К. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakian</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закиян</surname><given-names>С. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт патологии кровообращения им. акад. Е.Н. Мешалкина МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2014-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2014</year></pub-date><volume>6</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 6, NO3 (2014)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 6, №3 (2014)</issue-title><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>40</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2014, Nemudryi A.A., Valetdinova K.R., Medvedev S.P., Zakian S.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2014, Немудрый А.А., Валетдинова К.Р., Медведев С.П., Закиян С.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2014</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nemudryi A.A., Valetdinova K.R., Medvedev S.P., Zakian S.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Немудрый А.А., Валетдинова К.Р., Медведев С.П., Закиян С.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10529">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10529</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Precise studies of plant, animal and human genomes enable remarkable opportunities of obtained data application in biotechnology and medicine. However, knowing nucleotide sequences isn’t enough for understanding of particular genomic elements functional relationship and their role in phenotype formation and disease pathogenesis. In post-genomic era methods allowing genomic DNA sequences manipulation, visualization and regulation of gene expression are rapidly evolving. Though, there are few methods, that meet high standards of efficiency, safety and accessibility for a wide range of researchers. In 2011 and 2013 novel methods of genome editing appeared - this are TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) and CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9 systems. Although TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 appeared recently, these systems have proved to be effective and reliable tools for genome engineering. Here we generally review application of these systems for genome editing in conventional model objects of current biology, functional genome screening, cell-based human hereditary disease modeling, epigenome studies and visualization of cellular processes. Additionally, we review general strategies for designing TALEN and CRISPR/Cas9 and analyzing their activity. We also discuss some obstacles researcher can face using these genome editing tools.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Детальное изучение геномов растений, животных и человека открывает широчайшие возможности применения полученных знаний в биотехнологии и медицине. Однако только данных о нуклеотидных последовательностях геномов недостаточно для понимания функциональных взаимосвязей отдельных элементов геномов и их роли в формировании фенотипических признаков и патогенезе отдельных заболеваний. В постгеномную эпоху активно развиваются методы, позволяющие манипулировать с ДНК в геномах, а также визуализировать и управлять экспрессией генов и работой регуляторных элементов. Тем не менее далеко не все методы отвечают высоким требованиям к их эффективности, безопасности и доступности для широкого круга исследователей. В последние несколько лет появились новейшие методы редактирования геномов - это системы TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases) и CRISPR (Clustered Regulatory Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats)/Cas9. Эти появившиеся относительно недавно системы уже зарекомендовали себя как эффективные и надежные инструменты геномной инженерии. Данный обзор в основном посвящен применению указанных систем для редактирования геномов основных модельных объектов современной биологии, а также для функционального скрининга геномов, создания клеточных моделей наследственных заболеваний человека, изучения эпигеномов и визуализации клеточных процессов. Кроме того, рассмотрены основные методы конструирования подобных систем, проанализировано их действие, обсуждаются некоторые проблемы, которые ожидают сследователей при применении этих инструментов редактирования геномов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>TALEN</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>genome editing</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>TALEN</kwd><kwd>CRISPR/Cas9</kwd><kwd>редактирование генома</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the interdisciplinary integration project of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences №55 and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant № 12-04-00208-a).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана междисциплинарным интеграционным проектом СО РАН № 55, РФФИ (грант № 12-04-00208-а).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Capecchi M.R. // Nat. 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