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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10499</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2015-7-1-19-36</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Model Systems of Motor Neuron Diseases As a Platform for Studying Pathogenic Mechanisms and Searching for Therapeutic Agents</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Модельные системы болезней двигательных нейронов - платформа для изучения механизмов патогенеза и поиска терапевтических средствe</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Valetdinova</surname><given-names>K. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Валетдинова</surname><given-names>K. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakian</surname><given-names>S. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Закиян</surname><given-names>С. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>zakian@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт цитологии и генетики СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины СО РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Meshalkin Novosibirsk State Research Institute of Circulation Pathology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский научно-исследовательский институт патологии кровообращения им. акад. Е.Н. Мешалкина МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><volume>7</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 7, NO1 (2015)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 7, №1 (2015)</issue-title><fpage>19</fpage><lpage>36</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Valetdinova K.R., Medvedev S.P., Zakian S.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Валетдинова K.Р., Медведев С.П., Закиян С.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Valetdinova K.R., Medvedev S.P., Zakian S.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Валетдинова K.Р., Медведев С.П., Закиян С.M.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10499">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10499</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Over the past 30 years, many molecular genetic mechanisms underlying motor neuron diseases (MNDs) have been discovered and studied. Among these diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), which causes the progressive degeneration and death of central and peripheral motor neurons, and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which is one of the inherited diseases that prevail among hereditary diseases in the pattern of child mortality, hold a special place. These diseases, like most nerve, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric diseases, cannot be treated appropriately at present. Artificial model systems, especially those that are based on the use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), are of paramount importance in searching for adequate therapeutic agents, as well as for a deep understanding of the MND pathogenesis. This review is mainly focused on the recent advance in the development of and research into cell and animal models of ALS and SMA. The main issues concerning the use of cellular technologies in biomedical applications are also described.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>За последние 30 лет были открыты и изучены многие молекулярно-генетические механизмы, лежащие в основе болезней моторных нейронов (БМН). Среди этих болезней особое место занимают боковой амиотрофический склероз (БАС), при котором происходит прогрессирующая дегенерация и гибель центральных и периферических двигательных нейронов, и спинальная мышечная атрофия (СМА), одно из наследственных заболеваний, которое лидирует среди наследственных болезней в структуре детской смертности. Эти заболевания, как и большинство нервных, нейродегенеративных и психических болезней, не поддаются лечению на настоящий момент. Большое значение для поиска адекватных терапевтических средств, а также глубокого понимания патогенеза БМН имеют искусственные модельные системы, особенно основанные на использовании эмбриональных стволовых клеток (ЭСК) и индуцированных плюрипотентных стволовых клеток (ИПСК). Данный обзор в основном посвящен последним достижениям в области создания и изучения клеточных и животных моделей БАС и СМА. Рассмотрены также основные проблемы, касающиеся использования клеточных технологий в биомедицинских целях.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</kwd><kwd>induced pluripotent stem cells</kwd><kwd>motor neurons</kwd><kwd>spinal muscular atrophy</kwd><kwd>embryonic stem cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>боковой амиотрофический склероз</kwd><kwd>индуцированные плюрипотентные стволовые клетки</kwd><kwd>моторные нейроны</kwd><kwd>спинальная мышечная атрофия</kwd><kwd>эмбриональные стволовые клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was funded under the program of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Basic Sciences to Medicine” 2.1.7.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа финансировалась в рамках программы РАН «Фундаментальные науки – медицине» 2.1.7.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Andersen P.M., Al-Chalabi A. // Nat. 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