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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10455</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-1-58-73</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Brain Cholesterol Metabolism and Its Defects: Linkage to Neurodegenerative Diseases and Synaptic Dysfunction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Метаболизм холестерина мозга и его нарушения: связь с нейродегенерацией и синаптической дисфункцией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>Fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasimov</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касимов</surname><given-names>M. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zefirov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зефиров</surname><given-names>A. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет МЗ РФ</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO1 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №1 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>58</fpage><lpage>73</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Petrov A.M., Kasimov M.R., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Петров A.M., Касимов M.Р., Зефиров A.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrov A.M., Kasimov M.R., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петров A.M., Касимов M.Р., Зефиров A.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10455">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10455</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cholesterol is an important constituent of cell membranes and plays a crucial role in the compartmentalization of the plasma membrane and signaling. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large proportion of the body’s total cholesterol, existing in two pools: the plasma membranes of neurons and glial cells and the myelin membranes . Cholesterol has been recently shown to be important for synaptic transmission, and a link between cholesterol metabolism defects and neurodegenerative disorders is now recognized. Many neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by impaired cholesterol turnover in the brain. However, at which stage the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway is perturbed and how this contributes to pathogenesis remains unknown. Cognitive deficits and neurodegeneration may be associated with impaired synaptic transduction. Defects in cholesterol biosynthesis can trigger dysfunction of synaptic transmission. In this review, an overview of cholesterol turnover under physiological and pathological conditions is presented (Huntington’s, Niemann-Pick type C diseases, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome). We will discuss possible mechanisms by which cholesterol content in the plasma membrane influences synaptic processes. Changes in cholesterol metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and autistic disorders are beyond the scope of this review and will be summarized in our next paper.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Холестерин биологических мембран является не только важным структурным компонентом, но и принимает участие в компартментализации и сигнализации. Особенно высоко содержание холестерина в мозге, где он концентрируется в миелине и синаптических мембранах. Исследования последних лет указывают на особое значение холестерина в осуществлении синаптической передачи, также предполагается наличие взаимосвязей между изменениями гомеостаза холестерина и дисфункциями нервной системы. Нарушение синтеза, утилизации и транспорта холестерина в мозге наблюдается при многих нейродегенеративных заболеваниях. Однако до сих пор непонятно, на каком этапе происходят альтерации метаболизма холестерина и какое место это занимает в патогенезе. Одной из причин когнитивных нарушений и массивной нейродегенерации могут быть процессы, связанные с дефектами синаптической передачи. При этом аномалии в обмене холестерина могут выступать в роли пусковых факторов развития дисбаланса синаптической передачи. В данном обзоре мы сфокусировались на описании гомеостаза мозгового холестерина в норме и при ряде патологий (болезни Гентингтона, Нимана-Пика типа С, синдроме Смита-Лемли- Опица), рассмотрели возможные механизмы влияния мембранного холестерина на синаптические процессы. Нарушения обмена холестерина при болезни Альцгеймера, Паркинсона и расстройствах аутистического спектра будут рассмотрены в следующей статье.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>lipid rafts</kwd><kwd>neurodegenerative disease</kwd><kwd>oxysterols</kwd><kwd>synaptic transmission</kwd><kwd>cholesterol</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>липидные рафты</kwd><kwd>нейродегенеративные заболевания</kwd><kwd>оксистеролы</kwd><kwd>синаптическая передача</kwd><kwd>холестерин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work received core financial support from an RFFI grant (№ 14-04-00094) and partial support from other RFFI (No. 16-34-00127) and RSF (No. 14-15-00847) grants.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом РФФИ (№ 14-04-00094), а также частично другими грантами РФФИ (№ 16-34-00127) и РНФ (№ 14 15-00847).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Dietschy J.M. // Biol. 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