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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10448</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-1-34-47</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Host Proteins Ku and HMGA1 As Participants of HIV-1 Transcription</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Клеточные белки Ku и HMGA1 как участники транскрипции ВИЧ-1</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shadrina</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шадрина</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gottikh@belozersky.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Knyazhanskaya</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Княжанская</surname><given-names>E. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gottikh@belozersky.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Korolev</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Королев</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gottikh@belozersky.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gottikh</surname><given-names>M. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Готтих</surname><given-names>M. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>gottikh@belozersky.msu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO1 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №1 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>34</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Shadrina O.A., Knyazhanskaya E.S., Korolev S.P., Gottikh M.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Шадрина O.A., Княжанская E.С., Королев С.П., Готтих M.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shadrina O.A., Knyazhanskaya E.S., Korolev S.P., Gottikh M.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шадрина O.A., Княжанская E.С., Королев С.П., Готтих M.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10448">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10448</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is known to use the transcriptional machinery of the host cell for viral gene transcription, and the only viral protein that partakes in this process is Tat, the viral trans-activator of transcription. During acute infection, the binding of Tat to the hairpin at the beginning of the transcribed viral RNA recruits the PTEFb complex, which in turn hyperphosphorylates RNA-polymerase II and stimulates transcription elongation. Along with acute infection, HIV-1 can also lead to latent infection that is characterized by a low level of viral transcription. During the maintenance and reversal of latency, there are no detectable amounts of Tat protein in the cell and the mechanism of transcription activation in the absence of Tat protein remains unclear. The latency maintenance is also a problematic question. It seems evident that cellular proteins with a yet unknown nature or role regulate both transcriptional repression in the latent phase and its activation during transition into the lytic phase. The present review discusses the role of cellular proteins Ku and HMGA1 in the initiation of transcription elongation of the HIV-1 provirus. The review presents data regarding Ku-mediated HIV-1 transcription and its dependence on the promoter structure and the shape of viral DNA. We also describe the differential influence of the HMGA1 protein on the induced and basal transcription of HIV-1. Finally, we offer possible mechanisms for Ku and HMGA1 proteins in the proviral transcription regulation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Вирус иммунодефицита человека первого типа (ВИЧ-1) использует транскрипционную машину клетки-хозяина для транскрипции своих генов. Единственным вирусным белком, участвующим в этом процессе, является трансактиватор транскрипции Tat. В острой фазе инфекции Tat связывается с РНК шпилькой в начале транскрибируемой вирусной РНК и привлекает комплекс P-TEFb, который гиперфосфорилирует РНК-полимеразу II и запускает элонгацию транскрипции. Латентная фаза ВИЧ-инфекции характеризуется низким уровнем транскрипции. В латентной фазе и при выходе из нее белок Tat в клетке не детектируется, и механизм активации транскрипции в его отсутствие понятен не до конца. Актуальным остается вопрос о механизме поддержания латентности. Очевидно, что и в репрессии транскрипции в латентной фазе, и в ее активации при переходе в литическую фазу инфекции участвуют клеточные белки, роль которых еще не выяснена. Данный обзор посвящен обсуждению роли клеточных белков Ku и HMGA1 в инициации и элонгации транскрипции интегрированного генома ВИЧ-1. Представлены данные о зависи мости Ku-опосредованной транскрипции ВИЧ-1 от структуры промотора и формы вирусной ДНК. Описано разнонаправленное влияние белка HMGA1 на индуцируемую транскрипцию и на базальную транскрипцию ВИЧ-1. Предложены возможные механизмы участия белков Ku и HMGA1 в регуляции транскрипции про вируса.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cellular transcription factors</kwd><kwd>latent phase</kwd><kwd>HIV-1 transcription</kwd><kwd>elongation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>клеточные факторы транскрипции</kwd><kwd>латентная фаза</kwd><kwd>транскрипция ВИЧ-1</kwd><kwd>элонгация</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant No. 14-24-00061).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана Российским научным фондом (грант № 14-24-00061).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] van Lint C., Bouchat S., Marcello A. // Retrovirology. 2013, V.10, P.67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Ruelas D.S., Greene W.C. // Cell. 2013, V.155, №3, P.519-529</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>[3] Zhou M., Halanski M.A., Radonovich M.F., Kashanchi F., Peng J., Price D.H., Brady J.N. // Mol. 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