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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10434</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-2-10-23</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Bioengineering of Artificial Lymphoid Organs</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Биоинженерия искусственных лимфоидных органов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nosenko</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Носенко</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maxim-nosenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Drutskaya</surname><given-names>M. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Друцкая</surname><given-names>M. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maxim-nosenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Moisenovich</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мойсенович</surname><given-names>M. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maxim-nosenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedospasov</surname><given-names>S. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недоспасов</surname><given-names>С. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>maxim-nosenko@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт молекулярной биологии им. В.А. Энгельгардта РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum (DRFZ)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Немецкий научно-исследовательский центр ревматологии</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO2 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №2 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>10</fpage><lpage>23</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Nosenko M.A., Drutskaya M.S., Moisenovich M.M., Nedospasov S.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Носенко M.A., Друцкая M.С., Мойсенович M.M., Недоспасов С.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nosenko M.A., Drutskaya M.S., Moisenovich M.M., Nedospasov S.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Носенко M.A., Друцкая M.С., Мойсенович M.M., Недоспасов С.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10434">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10434</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review addresses the issue of bioengineering of artificial lymphoid organs.Progress in this field may help to better understand the nature of the structure-function relations that exist in immune organs. Artifical lymphoid organs may also be advantageous in the therapy or correction of immunodefficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. The structural organization, development, and function of lymphoid tissue are analyzed with a focus on the role of intercellular contacts and on the cytokine signaling pathways regulating these processes. We describe various polymeric materials, as scaffolds, for artificial tissue engineering. Finally, published studies in which artificial lymphoid organs were generated are reviewed and possible future directions in the field are discussed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен проблеме конструирования искусственных лимфоидных органов. Успех в этой области позволит не только лучше понять механизмы функционирования нормальных органов иммунной системы, но и разработать новые подходы к терапии иммунодефицитов, аутоиммунных состояний и, возможно, других заболеваний. На примере лимфатического узла мыши рассмотрено строение и развитие нормальных лимфоидных органов. Особое внимание уделено роли межклеточных взаимодействий и цитокиновых сигналов в механизмах формирования и функционирования лимфоидных органов. Описаны биоматериалы, на основе которых возможно создание искусственных органов, в том числе органов иммунной системы. Критически рассмотрены достижения последних лет в области биоинженерии искусственных лимфоидных органов и предполагаемые направления исследований.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>artificial lymphoid organ</kwd><kwd>bioengineering</kwd><kwd>polymeric scaffold</kwd><kwd>stromal cells</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>биоинженерия</kwd><kwd>искусственный лимфоидный орган</kwd><kwd>полимерный матрикс</kwd><kwd>стромальные клетки</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The studies of the interactions of immune cells and cytokines as regulators of this process were supported by the Programme of the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences “Molecular and Cell Biology”; the studies of development and research of multidimensional cell systems were supported by the RFBR (grant No. 14-04-01799).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа по изучению взаимодействий клеток иммунной системы и цитокинов как регуляторов этого процесса осуществлена при поддержке программы Президиума РАН «Молекулярная и клеточная биология», работа по созданию и изучению многокомпонентных трехмерных клеточных систем осуществлена при поддержке РФФИ (грант № 14-04-01799).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Hussain A., Takahashi K., Sonobe J., Tabata Y., Bessho K. // J. 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