<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10419</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-3-72-76</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Epigenetics of Ancient DNA</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эпигенетика древней ДНК</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhenilo</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Женило</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokhortchouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>A. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokhortchouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Prokhortchou</surname><given-names>E. B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Прохорчук</surname><given-names>E. Б.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>prokhortchouk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal Research Center “Fundamentals of Biotechnology”, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральный исследовательский центр «Фундаментальные основы биотехнологии» РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO3 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №3 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Zhenilo S.V., Sokolov A.S., Prokhortchou E.B.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Женило С.В., Соколов A.С., Прохорчук E.Б.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zhenilo S.V., Sokolov A.S., Prokhortchou E.B.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Женило С.В., Соколов A.С., Прохорчук E.Б.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10419">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10419</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Initially, the study of DNA isolated from ancient specimens had been based on the analysis of the primary nucleotide sequence. This approach has allowed researchers to study the evolutionary changes that occur in different populations and determine the influence of the environment on genetic selection. However, the improvement of methodological approaches to genome-wide analysis has opened up new possibilities in the search for the epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of gene expression. It was discovered recently that the methylation status of the regulatory elements of the HOXD cluster and MEIS1 gene changed during human evolution. Epigenetic changes in these genes played a key role in the evolution of the limbs of modern humans. Recent works have demonstrated that it is possible to determine the transcriptional activity of genes in ancient DNA samples by combining information on DNA methylation and the DNAaseI hypersensitive sequences located at the transcription start sites of genes. In the nearest future, if a preserved fossils brain is found, it will be possible to identify the evolutionary changes in the higher nervous system associated with epigenetic differences.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Изначально работа с древней ДНК была основана на анализе ее нуклеотидной последовательности. Этот подход позволяет изучать эволюционные изменения, происходящие в различных популяциях, определять влияние окружающей среды на генетический отбор. Однако усовершенствование методических подходов к проведению полногеномного анализа открыло новые возможности изучения эпигенетических механизмов, вовлеченных в регуляцию экспрессии генов. Один из наиболее ярких примеров влияния эпигенетических модификаций на эволюцию человека - изменение статуса метилирования регуляторных последовательностей целого ряда генов кластера HOXD и гена MEIS1. Эпигенетические изменения в этих генах играют ключевую роль в эволюции конечностей современного человека. Последние работы показали возможность определения транскрипционной активности генов в образцах древней ДНК путем комбинирования информации о метилировании ДНК и о наличии гиперчувствительных к ДНКазе I участков в последовательностях, расположенных в стартах транскрипции генов. В дальнейшем при нахождении хорошо сохранившихся тканей появляется перспектива обнаружения эволюционных изменений, связанных с эпигенетическими различиями в высшей нервной деятельности современного и древнего человека.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>epigenetics</kwd><kwd>ancient DNA</kwd><kwd>DNA methylation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>древняя ДНК, метилирование ДНК, эпигенетика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Gerstein M.B., Kundaje A., Hariharan M., Landt S.G., Yan K.K., Cheng C., Mu X.J., Khurana E., Rozowsky J., Alexander R. // Nature 2012, V.489, P.91-100</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Briggs A.W., Stenzel U., Meyer M., Krause J., Kircher M., Paabo S. // Nucleic Acids Research 2010, V.38, P.e87</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>[3] Llamas B., Holland M.L., Chen K., Cropley J.E., Cooper A., Suter C.M. // PLoS One. 2012, V.7, e30226</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>[4] Gokhman D., Lavi E., Prufer K., Fraga M.F., Riancho J.A., Kelso J., Paabo S., Meshorer E., Carmel L. // Science. 2014, V.344, P.523-527</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>[5] Pedersen J.S., Valen E., Velazquez A.M., Parker B.J., Rasmussen M., Lindgreen S., Lilje B., Tobin D.J., Kelly T.K., Vang S. // Genome Res. 2014, V.24, P.454-466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>[6] Smith O., Clapham A.J., Rose P., Liu Y., Wang J., Allaby R.G. // Sci Rep. 2014, V.4, P.5559</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>[7] Hofreiter M., Jaenicke V., Serre D., von Haeseler A., Paabo S. // Nucleic Acids Res. 2001, V.29, P.4793-4799</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>[8] Smith R.W., Monroe C., Bolnick D.A. // PLoS One. 2015, V.10, e0125344</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>[9] Zakany J., Duboule D. // Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 2007, V.17, P.359-366</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>[10] Hansen K.D., Timp W., Bravo H.C., Sabunciyan S., Langmead B., McDonald O.G., Wen B., Wu H., Liu Y., Diep D. // Nat. Genet. 2011, V.43, P.768-775</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>[11] Berman B.P., Weisenberger D.J., Aman J.F., Hinoue T., Ramjan Z., Liu Y., Noushmehr H., Lange C.P., van Dijk C.M., Tollenaar R.A. // Nat. Genet. 2012, V.44, P.40-46</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>[12] Xie W., Schultz M.D., Lister R., Hou Z., Rajagopal N., Ray P., Whitaker J.W., Tian S., Hawkins R.D., Leung D. // Cell. 2013, V.153, P.1134-1148</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>[13] Nakamura R., Tsukahara T., Qu W., Ichikawa K., Otsuka T., Ogoshi K., Saito T.L., Matsushima K., Sugano S., Hashimoto S. // Development. 2014, V.141, P.2568-2580</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>[14] Jeong M., Sun D., Luo M., Huang Y., Challen G.A., Rodriguez B., Zhang X., Chavez L., Wang H., Hannah R. // Nat. Genet. 2014, V.46, P.17-23</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>[15] Abu-Remaileh M., Bender S., Raddatz G., Ansari I., Cohen D., Gutekunst J., Musch T., Linhart H., Breiling A., Pikarsky E. // Cancer Research 2015, V.75(10), P.2120-2130</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>[16] Kader F., Ghai M. // Forensic Sci. Int. 2015, V.249, P.255-265</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>[17] Seguin-Orlando A., Gamba C., Sarkissian C.D., Ermini L., Louvel G., Boulygina E., Sokolov A., Nedoluzhko A., Lorenzen E.D., Lopez P. // Sci. Repts. 2015, 11826</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>[18] Hendrich B., Bird A. // Mol. Cell Biol. 1998, V.18, P.6538-6547</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>[19] Welker F., Collins M.J., Thomas J.A., Wadsley M., Brace S., Cappellini E., Turvey S.T., Reguero M., Gelfo J.N., Kramarz A. // Nature 2015, V.522, P.81-84</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>[20] Lobzin V.V., Chechetkin V.R. // Physics-Uspekhi. 2000, V.43, P.55-78</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>[21] Crawford G.E., Holt I.E., Whittle J., Webb B.D., Tai D., Davis S., Margulies E.H., Chen Y., Bernat J.A., Ginsburg D. // Genome Res. 2006, V.16, P.123-131</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>[22] Kharlamova A., Kurtova A., Chernikov V., Protopopov A., Boeskorov G., Plotnikov V., Ushakov V., Maschenko E. // Quaternary International. 2016, P.86-93</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>[23] Zeng J., Konopka G., Hunt B.G., Preuss T.M., Geschwind D., Yi S.V. // Am. J. Hum. Genet. 2012, V.91, P.455-465</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>[24] Chopra P., Papale L.A., White A.T., Hatch A., Brown R.M., Garthwaite M.A., Roseboom P.H., Golos T.G., Warren S.T., Alisch R.S. // BMC Genomics. 2014, V.15, P.131</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
