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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10416</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-4-47-59</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">From Slow to Fast: Hypogravity-Induced Remodeling of Muscle Fiber Myosin Phenotype</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>От медленных к быстрым. Гипогравитационная перестройка миозинового фенотипа мышечных волокон</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shenkman</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шенкман</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>bshenkman@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Scientific Center of the Russian Federation – Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр РФ - Институт медико-биологических проблем РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO4 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №4 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>47</fpage><lpage>59</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Shenkman B.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Шенкман Б.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shenkman B.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Шенкман Б.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10416">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10416</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Skeletal muscle consists of different fiber types arranged in a mosaic pattern. These fiber types are characterized by specific functional properties. Slow-type fibers demonstrate a high level of fatigue resistance and prolonged contraction duration, but decreased maximum contraction force and velocity. Fast-type fibers demonstrate a high contraction force and velocity, but profound fatigability. During the last decades, it has been discovered that all these properties are determined by the predominance of slow or fast myosin-heavy-chain (MyHC) isoforms. It was observed that gravitational unloading during space missions and simulated microgravity in ground-based experiments leads to the transformation of some slow-twitch muscle fibers into fast-twitch ones due to changes in the patterns of MyHC gene expression in the postural soleus muscle. The present review covers the facts and mechanistic speculations regarding myosin phenotype remodeling under conditions of gravitational unloading. The review considers the neuronal mechanisms of muscle fiber control and molecular mechanisms of regulation of myosin gene expression, such as inhibition of the calcineurin/NFATc1 signaling pathway, epigenomic changes, and the behavior of specific microRNAs. In the final portion of the review, we discuss the adaptive role of myosin phenotype transformations.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Скелетные мышцы образованы волокнами разного типа, которые располагаются мозаичным образом и различаются функциональными свойствами. «Медленные» волокна отличаются высокой степенью устойчивости к утомлению и большой продолжительностью сокращения, но пониженной максимальной силой и скоростью сокращения. «Быстрые» волокна обладают высокой скоростью и силой сокращения, но высокой утомляемостью. В последние десятилетия стало известно, что все эти свойства определяются преобладанием той или иной изоформы тяжелых цепей миозина (ТЦМ), т.е. миозиновым фенотипом. При гравитационной разгрузке в космическом полете и моделируемой микрогравитации в экспериментальных условиях на Земле часть медленных волокон превращается в быстрые за счет изменений интенсивности экспрессии соответствующих генов в постуральной камбаловидной мышце m. soleus. В обзоре рассмотрены феноменология и механизмы изменений миозинового фенотипа в условиях гравитационной разгрузки, а также гипотезы об изменении нейрональных механизмов контроля мышечных волокон и молекулярных механизмах регуляции экспрессии миозиновых генов, таких, как ингибирование сигнального пути кальцинейрин/NFATc1, эпигеномные изменения, работа специфических микроРНК. В заключительной части обзора обсуждается адаптивное значение процессов трансформации миозинового фенотипа.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>skeletal muscle</kwd><kwd>unloading</kwd><kwd>muscle fiber type</kwd><kwd>myosin heavy chain isoform</kwd><kwd>myosin phenotype</kwd><kwd>gravitational</kwd><kwd>myosin gene expression</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гравитационная разгрузка</kwd><kwd>изоформы тяжелых цепей миозина</kwd><kwd>миозиновый фенотип</kwd><kwd>регуляция экспрессии миозиновых генов</kwd><kwd>скелетная мышца</kwd><kwd>типы мышечных волокон</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation, No. 14-15-00358.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом Российского научного фонда № 14-15-00358.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Ranvier L. // CR Acad. 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