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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10411</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2016-8-4-14-22</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Peculiarities of Yeasts and Human Telomerase RNAs Processing</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Особенности процессинга теломеразных РНК дрожжей и человека</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rubtsova</surname><given-names>M. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рубцова</surname><given-names>M. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vasilkova</surname><given-names>D. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Василькова</surname><given-names>Д. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Naraykina</surname><given-names>Yu. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Нарайкина</surname><given-names>Ю. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dontsova</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Донцова</surname><given-names>O. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>mprubtsova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Lomonosov Moscow State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский государственный университет им. М.В. Ломоносова</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Skolkovo Innovation Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Сколковский институт науки и технологий</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>8</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 8, NO4 (2016)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 8, №4 (2016)</issue-title><fpage>14</fpage><lpage>22</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Rubtsova M.P., Vasilkova D.P., Naraykina Y.V., Dontsova O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Рубцова M.П., Василькова Д.П., Нарайкина Ю.В., Донцова O.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Rubtsova M.P., Vasilkova D.P., Naraykina Y.V., Dontsova O.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Рубцова M.П., Василькова Д.П., Нарайкина Ю.В., Донцова O.A.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10411">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10411</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Telomerase is one of the major components of the telomeres -- linear eukaryotic chromosome ends - maintenance system. Linear chromosomes are shortened during each cell division due to the removal of the primer used for DNA replication. Special repeated telomere sequences at the very ends of linear chromosomes prevent the deletion of genome information caused by primer removal. Telomeres are shortened at each replication round until it becomes critically short and is no longer able to protect the chromosome in somatic cells. At this stage, a cell undergoes a crisis and usually dies. Rare cases result in telomerase activation, and the cell gains unlimited proliferative capacity. Special types of cells, such as stem, germ, embryonic cells and cells from tissues with a high proliferative potential, maintain their telomerase activity indefinitely. The telomerase is inactive in the majority of somatic cells. Telomerase activity in vitro requires two key components: telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase RNA. In cancer cells, telomerase reactivates due to the expression of the reverse transcriptase gene. Telomerase RNA expresses constitutively in the majority of human cells. This fact suggests that there are alternative functions to telomerase RNA that are unknown at the moment. In this manuscript, we review the biogenesis of yeasts and human telomerase RNAs thanks to breakthroughs achieved in research on telomerase RNA processing by different yeasts species and humans in the last several years.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Теломераза - один из ключевых компонентов аппарата поддержания длины концов линейных хромосом эукариот - теломер. В результате удаления затравки, используемой для репликации ДНК, линейные хромосомы укорачиваются в каждом раунде деления. На концах линейных хромосом находятся специальные повторяющиеся теломерные последовательности, которые предотвращают потерю генетической информации в результате недорепликации. В соматических клетках высших эукариот теломеры укорачиваются, пока не становятся настолько короткими, что уже не могут выполнять свою функцию. В таких обстоятельствах клетка претерпевает кризис и, как правило, погибает. В редких случаях происходит активация теломеразы, и клетка приобретает неограниченный потенциал деления. Некоторые клетки (половые, эмбриональные, стволовые, а также соматические клетки с высоким пролиферативным потенциалом) поддерживают теломеразную активность, необходимую им для выполнения своих функций. В большинстве соматических клеток теломераза не активна. Для активности теломеразы in vitrо необходимы два основных компонента - теломеразная обратная транскриптаза и теломеразная РНК. Реактивация теломеразы в раковых клетках происходит в результате восстановления экспрессии гена обратной транскриптазы. Экспрессия теломеразной РНК в большинстве клеток человека конститутивна, что позволяет предполагать другие функции этой РНК, еще недостаточно изученные. Настоящий обзор посвящен биогенезу теломеразных РНК дрожжей и человека. Мы решили остановиться именно на этих организмах ввиду того, что в последние годы произошел прорыв в изучении процессинга теломеразных РНК разных видов дрожжей и человека.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>exosome</kwd><kwd>processing</kwd><kwd>splicing telomerase</kwd><kwd>telomerase RNA</kwd><kwd>transcription</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>процессинг</kwd><kwd>сплайсинг</kwd><kwd>теломераза</kwd><kwd>теломеразная РНК</kwd><kwd>транскрипция</kwd><kwd>экзосома</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The study of the mechanisms of the processing of telomerase RNA was supported by RFBR (grant No. 14-04-01637 A), work on the intracellular localization of telomerase RNA was supported by RSF (grant No. 16-14-10047).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа по изучению механизмов процессинга теломеразных РНК осуществлена при поддержке РФФИ (грант № 14-04-01637 А), работа по анализу внутриклеточной локализации теломеразных РНК выполнена при поддержке РНФ (грант № 16-14-10047).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Greider C.W., Blackburn E.H. // Cell. 1987, V.51, №6, P.887-898</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Morin G.B. // Cell. 1989, V.59, №3, P.521-529</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>[3] Shippen-Lentz D., Blackburn E.H. // Science. 1990, V.247, №4942, P.546-552</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>[4] Blackburn E.H., Collins K. // Cold Spring Harb. 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