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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10397</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2017-9-1-26-37</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cholesterol in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s Diseases and Autism: Link to Synaptic Dysfunction</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Холестерин в патогенезе болезней Альцгеймера, Паркинсона и аутизме: связь с синаптической дисфункцией</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrov</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петров</surname><given-names>A. M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kasimov</surname><given-names>M. R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Касимов</surname><given-names>M. Р.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zefirov</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зефиров</surname><given-names>A. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>fysio@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 9, NO1 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 9, №1 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>26</fpage><lpage>37</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Petrov A.M., Kasimov M.R., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Петров A.M., Касимов M.Р., Зефиров A.Л.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Petrov A.M., Kasimov M.R., Zefirov A.L.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Петров A.M., Касимов M.Р., Зефиров A.Л.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10397">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10397</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In our previous review, we described brain cholesterol metabolism in control conditions and in the case of some rare neurological pathologies linked to defects in the genes which are directly involved in the synthesis and/or traffic of cholesterol. Here, we have analyzed disruptions in cholesterol homeostasis in widespread neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases) and autism spectrum disorders. We particularly focused on the synaptic dysfunctions that could arise from changes in both membrane cholesterol availability and oxysterol production. Notably, alterations in the brain cholesterol metabolism and neurotransmission occur in the early stages of these pathologies and the polymorphism of the genes associated with cholesterol homeostasis and synaptic communication affects the risk of onset and severity of these diseases. In addition, pharmacological and genetic manipulations of brain cholesterol homeostasis in animal models frequently have marked effects on the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, the development of Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and autism spectrum disorders may be partially associated with an imbalance of cholesterol homeostasis that leads to changes in the membrane cholesterol and oxysterol levels that, in turn, modulates key steps in the synaptic transmission.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ранее мы описали метаболизм мозгового холестерина в норме и при ряде редких патологий нервной системы, вызванных дефектами генов, непосредственно вовлеченных в биосинтез и/или трафик холестерина. В представленном обзоре проведен анализ нарушений метаболизма холестерина при широко распространенных нейродегенеративных заболеваниях (болезнях Альцгеймера, Паркинсона) и расстройствах аутистического спектра. Особое внимание уделено дефектам синаптической передачи, возникновение которых может быть связано с изменением содержания холестерина в нейрональных мембранах и продукцией оксистеролов. Примечательно, что альтерации обмена мозгового холестерина, как и нейропередачи, происходят на очень ранних стадиях данных патологий, и полиморфизм генов, ассоциированных с метаболизмом холестерина или синаптической передачей, влияет на риск их развития и тяжесть. В модельных системах фармакологические и/или генетические вмешательства в гомеостаз мозгового холестерина зачастую имеют выраженные эффекты на протекание нейродегенеративных заболеваний. Таким образом, развитие болезней Альцгеймера, Паркинсона и расстройств аутистического спектра частично может быть связано с дисбалансом обмена холестерина в мозге, ведущего к изменениям содержания мембранного холестерина и оксистеролов, что, в свою очередь, влияет на ключевые этапы синаптической передачи.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cholesterol</kwd><kwd>oxysterols</kwd><kwd>lipid rafts</kwd><kwd>neurodegenerative disease</kwd><kwd>synaptic transmission</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оксистеролы</kwd><kwd>липидные рафты</kwd><kwd>нейродегенеративные заболевания</kwd><kwd>синаптическая передача</kwd><kwd>холестерин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">This work was supported by a grant from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 14-04-00094), as well as partially by grants from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (No. 16-34-00127) and the Russian Science Foundation (No. 14-15 00847).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа поддержана грантом РФФИ (№ 14-04-00094), а также частично грантами РФФИ (№ 16-34-00127) и РНФ (№ 14-15 00847).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Petrov A.M., Kasimov M.R., Zefirov A.L. // Acta Naturae. 2016, V.8, №1, P.58-73</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Bu G. // Nat. 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