<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10374</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2017-9-3-48-54</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Predicting the Evolutionary Variability of the Influenza A Virus</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Прогнозирование эволюционной изменчивости вируса гриппа А</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Timofeeva</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тимофеева</surname><given-names>T. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Asatryan</surname><given-names>M. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асатрян</surname><given-names>M. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Altstein</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Альтштейн</surname><given-names>A. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Narodisky</surname><given-names>B. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Народицкий</surname><given-names>Б. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gintsburg</surname><given-names>A. L.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гинцбург</surname><given-names>A. Л.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kaverin</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каверин</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>timofeeva.tatyana@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution «N.F. Gamaleya FRCEM» of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">«ФНИЦЭМ им. Н.Ф. Гамалеи» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 9, NO3 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 9, №3 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>54</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Timofeeva T.A., Asatryan M.N., Altstein A.D., Narodisky B.S., Gintsburg A.L., Kaverin N.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Тимофеева T.A., Асатрян M.Н., Альтштейн A.Д., Народицкий Б.С., Гинцбург A.Л., Каверин Н.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Timofeeva T.A., Asatryan M.N., Altstein A.D., Narodisky B.S., Gintsburg A.L., Kaverin N.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тимофеева T.A., Асатрян M.Н., Альтштейн A.Д., Народицкий Б.С., Гинцбург A.Л., Каверин Н.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10374">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10374</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The influenza A virus remains one of the most common and dangerous human health concerns due to its rapid evolutionary dynamics. Since the evolutionary changes of influenza A viruses can be traced in real time, the last decade has seen a surge in research on influenza A viruses due to an increase in experimental data (selection of escape mutants followed by examination of their phenotypic characteristics and generation of viruses with desired mutations using reverse genetics). Moreover, the advances in our understanding are also attributable to the development of new computational methods based on a phylogenetic analysis of influenza virus strains and mathematical (integro-differential equations, statistical methods, probability-theory-based methods) and simulation modeling. Continuously evolving highly pathogenic influenza A viruses are a serious health concern which necessitates a coupling of theoretical and experimental approaches to predict the evolutionary trends of the influenza A virus, with a focus on the H5 subtype.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Из-за своей быстрой эволюционной изменчивости вирус гриппа А остается одним из наиболее распространенных и опасных возбудителей инфекционных заболеваний человека. Изучение эволюции вирусов гриппа А, которую можно наблюдать буквально в реальном времени, за последние годы испытало подъем благодаря накоплению экспериментальных данных (селекция эскейп-мутантов с последующим изучением их фенотипических характеристик, конструирование вирусов c заданными мутациями при помощи методов обратной генетики), появлению новых теоретических подходов, в основе которых лежит построение и анализ филогенетических деревьев штаммов вирусов гриппа, а также системному сочетанию известных математических методов (системы интегро-дифференциальных уравнений, статистические методы, методы теории вероятности) и имитационного моделирования. Длительная циркуляция высокопатогенных вирусов гриппа А вызывает серьезные опасения в отношении появления пандемически опасных вариантов, поэтому возникает необходимость в применении теоретических и экспериментальных методов для прогнозирования эволюционной изменчивости и вирусов подтипа Н5.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Influenza A virus</kwd><kwd>phylogenetic trees</kwd><kwd>escape mutants</kwd><kwd>computational tools</kwd><kwd>computational modeling</kwd><kwd>phenotypic characteristics</kwd><kwd>reverse genetics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>вирус гриппа А</kwd><kwd>филогенетические деревья</kwd><kwd>эскейп-мутанты</kwd><kwd>математические методы</kwd><kwd>математическое моделирование</kwd><kwd>фенотипические характеристики</kwd><kwd>обратная генетика</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Smith W., Andrewes C.H., Laidlaw P.P. // Lancet. 1933, P.66-68</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Smith W., Andrewes C.H., Laidlaw P.P. // Br. J. Exp. Pathol. 1935, V.16, P.291-302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>[3] Shope R.E. // J. Exp. Med. 1931, V.54, P.373-385</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>[4] Shope R.E. // J. Exp. Med. 1934, V.62, P.49-61</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>[5] Donina S.A., Naydikhin A.N., Rudenko L.G. // Allergology and Immunology. 2000, №1, P.114</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>[6] Cox R.J., Brokstad K.A., Ogra P. // Scand. J. Immunol. 2004, V.59, №1, P.1-15</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>[7] Askonas B.A., McMichael A.J., Webster R.G. // Basic and Applied Influenza Research. / Ed. Beare A.S. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1982, P.159-188</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>[8] Naydikhin A.N., Losev I.V. // Problems of Virology. 2015, V.60, P.11-16</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>[9] Both G.W., Sleigh M.J., Cox N.J., Kendal A.P. // Virology Journal 1978, V.75, P.4886-4890</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>[10] Lamb R.A., Krug R.M. // Orthomyxoviridae. Fields virology. Section 2, Specific Virus Families / Eds B.N. Fields and D.M. Knipe. Lippincott, Williams, Wilkins, 2001, P.1091-1137</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>[11] Steinhauser D.A., Holland J.J. // Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 1987, V.41, P.409-433</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>[12] Khatchikian D., Orlich M., Rott R. // Virology 1982, V.122, P.38-47</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>[13] Webster R.G., Govorkova E.A. // Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 2014, V.1323, P.115-139</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>[14] Strelkowa N., Lassig M. // Genetics. 2012, V.192, P.671-682</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>[15] Shih A.C.C., Hsiao T.C., Ho M.S., Li W.H. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007, V.104, P.6283-6288</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>[16] Neher R.A., Bedford T. // Bioinformatics. 2015. V. 31(21). 2015, V.31(21), P.3546-3548</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>[17] Kryazhimskiy S., Dushoff J., Bazykin G.A., Plotkin J.B. // Plos Genet. 2011, V.7, e101301</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>[18] Neverov A.D., Kryazhimskiy S., Plotkin J.B., Bazykin G.A. // Plos Genet. 2015, V.11(8), e1005404</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>[19] // url www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov/genome/FLU</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>[20] Luksza M., Lassig M. // Nature 2014, V.507, P.57-74</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>[21] Webster R.G., Laver W.G. // Virology 1981, V.104, P.139-148</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>[22] Wilson I.A., Skehel J.J., Wiley D.C. // Nature 1981, V.289, P.366-373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>[23] Skehel J.J., Stevens D.J., Daniels R.S., Douglas A.R., Knossow M., Wilson I.A., Wiley C.D. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1984, V.81, P.1779-1783</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>[24] Caton A.J., Browlee G.G., Yewdell J.W., Gerhard W. // Cell. 1982, V.31, P.417-427</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>[25] Rudneva I., Ignatieva A., Timofeeva T., Shilov A., Kushch A., Masalova O., Klimova R., Bovin N., Mochalova L., Kaverin N. // Virus Res. 2012, V.166, P.61-67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>[26] Kaverin N.V., Rudneva I.A., Timofeeva T.A., Ignatieva A.V. // Problems of Virology 2012, PtApp. 1, P.148-158</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>[27] Tsuchiya E., Sugawara K., Hongo S., Matsuzaki Y., Muraki Y., Li Z.N., Nakamura K. // J. Gen. Virol. 2001, V.82, P.2475-2484</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>[28] Wiley D.C., Wilson I.A., Skehel J.J. // Nature 1981, V.289, P.373-378</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>[29] Kaverin N.V., Rudneva I.A., Ilyushina N.A., Varich N.L., Lipatov A.S., Smirnov Y.A., Govorkova E.A., Gitelman A.K., Lvov D.K., Webster R.G. // J. Gen. Virol. 2002, V.83, P.2497-2505</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>[30] Kaverin N.V., Rudneva I.A., Govorkova E.A., Timofeeva T.A., Shilov A.A., Kochergin-Nikitsky K.S., Krylov P.S., Webster R.G. // Virology Journal 2007, V.81, P.12911-12917</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>[31] Rudneva I.A., Kushch A.A., Masalova O.V., Timofeeva T.A., Klimova R.R., Shilov A.A., Ignatieva A.V., Krylov P.S., Kaverin N.V. // Viral Immunol. 2010, V.23, №2, P.181-187</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>[32] Kaverin N.V., Rudneva I.A., Ilyushina N.A., Lipatov A.S., Krauss S., Webster R.G. // Virology Journal 2004, V.78, №1, P.240-249</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>[33] Schmeiser F., Vasudevan A., Verma S., Wang W., Alvarado E., Weiss C., Autokorale V., Maseda G., Weir J.P. // PloS One. 2015, V.10(1), e0117108</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>[34] Rudneva I.A., Timofeeva T.A., Ignatieva A.V., Shilov A.A., Ilyushina N.A. // Arch. Virol. 2016, V.161, P.3515-3520</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>[35] Rudneva I.A., Timofeeva T.A., Ignatieva A.V., Shilov A.A., Krylov P.S., Ilyushina N.A., Kaverin N.V. // Virology 2013, V.447, P.233-239</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>[36] Kaverin N.V., Rudneva I.A., Timofeeva T.A., Ignatieva A.V., Shilov A.A., Bovin N.V., Ilyushina N.A. // Virus Res. 2015, V.210, P.81-89</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>[37] // Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) MMWR Morb. Mortal Wkly Rep. 1997. 1997, V.46(50), P.1204-1207</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>[38] Matrosovich M., Zhou N., Kawaoka Y., Webster R. // Virology Journal 1999, V.73, P.1146-1155</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>[39] Imai M., Watanabe T., Hatta M., Das S.C., Ozawa M., Shinya K., Zhong G., Hanson A., Katsura H., Watanabe S. // Nature 2012, V.486, №7403, P.420-428</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>[40] Russell C.A., Fonville J.M., Brown A.E., Burke D.E., Smith D.L., James S.L., Herfst S., van Boheemen S., Linster M., Schrauwen E.J. // Science. 2012, V.336, P.1541-1547</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>[41] Zhang Z.W., Liu T., Zeng J., Chen Y.E., Yuan M., Zhang D.W., Zhu F., Yuan S. // Infectious of Poverty. 2015, V.4, №50, P.2-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>[42] Hanson A., Imai M., Hatta M., McBride R., Imai H., Taft A., Zhong G., Watanabe T., Suzuki Y., Neumann G. // Virology Journal 2016, V.90, №6, P.2981-2992</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>[43] Plotch S.J., Bouloy M., Krug R.M. // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1979, V.76, P.1618-1622</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>[44] Taft A.S., Ozawa M., Fitch A., Depasse J.V., Halfmann P.J., Hill-Batorski L., Hatta M., Fridrich T.C., Lopes T.J.S., Maher E.A. // Nat. Commun. 2015, V.6, №7491, P.1-12</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>[45] Varich N.L., Sadykova G.K., Prilipov A.G., Kochergin-Nikitsky K.S., Kushch A.A., Masalova O.V., Klimova R.R., Gitelman A.K., Kaverin N.V. // Viral Immunol. 2011, V.24, №2, P.1-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>[46] Varich N.L., Sadykova G.K., Prilipov A.G., Kochergin-Nikitsky K.S., Webster R.G., Kaverin N.V. // Arch. Virology. 2014, V.159, P.1493-1497</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
