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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Acta Naturae</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Acta Naturae</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2075-8251</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Acta Naturae Ltd</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10355</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.32607/20758251-2017-9-4-4-12</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Forum</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Форум</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">40 Years without Smallpox</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>40 лет без оспы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunova</surname><given-names>G. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунова</surname><given-names>Г. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchelkunov</surname><given-names>S. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щелкунов</surname><given-names>С. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>snshchel@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный научный центр вирусологии и биотехнологии «Вектор» Роспотребнадзора</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>9</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 9, NO4 (2017)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 9, №4 (2017)</issue-title><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-01-17"><day>17</day><month>01</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Shchelkunova G.A., Shchelkunov S.N.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Щелкунова Г.A., Щелкунов С.Н.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shchelkunova G.A., Shchelkunov S.N.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щелкунова Г.A., Щелкунов С.Н.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10355">https://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10355</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The last case of natural smallpox was recorded in October, 1977. It took humanity almost 20 years to achieve that feat after the World Health Organization had approved the global smallpox eradication program. Vaccination against smallpox was abolished, and, during the past 40 years, the human population has managed to lose immunity not only to smallpox, but to other zoonotic orthopoxvirus infections as well. As a result, multiple outbreaks of orthopoxvirus infections in humans in several continents have been reported over the past decades. The threat of smallpox reemergence as a result of evolutionary transformations of these zoonotic orthopoxviruses exists. Modern techniques for the diagnostics, prevention, and therapy of smallpox and other orthopoxvirus infections are being developed today.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В октябре 1977 г. был зафиксирован последний случай заражения человека натуральной оспой в природе. К этому событию мировое сообщество шло почти 20 лет после принятия Всемирной организацией здравоохранения программы глобальной ликвидации этого особо опасного инфекционного заболевания. Вакцинация против оспы была отменена, и за прошедшие 40 лет человечество в своем большинстве утратило иммунитет не только к оспе, но и другим зоонозным ортопоксвирусным инфекциям. Это, в частности, привело к тому, что в последние годы на разных континентах все чаще стали регистрироваться вспышки ортопоксвирусных инфекций среди людей. Существует угроза возврата оспы в результате эволюционных преобразований зоонозных ортопоксвирусов. Для предотвращения распространения таких инфекций разрабатываются современные методы диагностики, профилактики и терапии оспы и ортопоксвирусных инфекций.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>smallpox</kwd><kwd>variola (smallpox) virus</kwd><kwd>evolution</kwd><kwd>DNA diagnostics</kwd><kwd>vaccine</kwd><kwd>chemotherapeutic drugs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>оспа</kwd><kwd>вирус натуральной оспы</kwd><kwd>эволюция</kwd><kwd>ДНК-диагностика</kwd><kwd>вакцины</kwd><kwd>химиотерапевтические препараты</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>[1] Fenner F., Henderson D.A., Arita I., Jezek Z., Ladnyi I.D. // Smallpox and Its Eradication. Geneva: World Health Organization, 1988. 1460 p. 1988</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>[2] Ladnyi I.D. // Eradication of Smallpox and Prevention of Its Recurrence. 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