Metagenomic Analysis of the Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiome of the Participants of the MARS-500 Experiment, Simulating Long Term Space Flight

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Abstract

A metagenomic analysis of the dynamic changes of the composition of the intestinal microbiome of five participants of the MARS-500 experiment was performed. DNA samples were isolated from the feces of the participants taken just before the experiment, upon 14, 30, 210, 363 and 510 days of isolation in the experimental module, and two weeks upon completion of the experiment. The taxonomic composition of the microbiome was analyzed by pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene fragments. Both the taxonomic and functional gene content of the microbiome of one participant were analyzed by whole metagenome sequencing using the SOLiD technique. Each participant had a specific microbiome that could be assigned to one of three recognized enterotypes. Two participants had enterotype I microbiomes characterized by the prevalence of Bacteroides, while the microbiomes of two others, assigned to type II, were dominated by Prevotella. One participant had a microbiome of mixed type. It was found that (1) changes in the taxonimic composition of the microbiomes occurred in the course of the experiment, but the enterotypes remained the same; (2) significant changes in the compositions of the microbiomes occurred just 14-30 days after the beginning of the experiment, presumably indicating the influence of stress factors in the first stage of the experiment; (3) a tendency toward a reversion of the microbiomes to their initial composition was observed two weeks after the end of the experiment, but complete recovery was not achieved. The metagenomic analysis of the microbiome of one of the participants showed that in spite of variations in the taxonomic compositions of microbiomes, the “functional” genetic composition was much more stable for most of the functional gene categories. Probably in the course of the experiment the taxonomic composition of the gut microbiome was adaptively changed to reflect the individual response to the experimental conditions. A new, balanced taxonomic composition of the microbiome was formed to ensure a stable gene content of the community as a whole without negative consequences for the health of the participants.

About the authors

A. V. Mardanov

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

M. M. Babykin

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

A. V. Beletsky

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

A. I. Grigoriev

Russian Federation State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS (IBMP)

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

V. V. Zinchenko

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

V. V. Kadnikov

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

M. P. Kirpichnikov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

A. M. Mazur

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

A. V. Nedoluzhko

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

N. D. Novikova

Russian Federation State Research Center Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS (IBMP)

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

E. B. Prokhortchouk

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

N. V. Ravin

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

K. G. Skryabin

Centre “Bioengineering”, Russian Academy of Sciences; Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

S. V. Shestakov

Lomonosov Moscow State University

Email: shestakovgen@mail.ru
Russian Federation

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Copyright (c) 2013 Mardanov A.V., Babykin M.M., Beletsky A.V., Grigoriev A.I., Zinchenko V.V., Kadnikov V.V., Kirpichnikov M.P., Mazur A.M., Nedoluzhko A.V., Novikova N.D., Prokhortchouk E.B., Ravin N.V., Skryabin K.G., Shestakov S.V.

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